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Archaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures. Relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to studies of the more immediate past. This has been called "historical archaeology", a term that is used in the United States to refer to any archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the arrival of Europeans. Back in the 1930’s and 1940’s, when building restoration was popular, historical archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction. The role of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back seat to architects. The mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the 1950’s and 1960’s. Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology departments, where they had studied prehistoric cultures. They were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, how people behaved. But because they were treading on historical ground for which there was often extensive written documentation and because their own knowledge of these periods was usually limited, their contributions to American history remained circumscribed. Their reports, highly technical and sometimes poorly written, went unread. More recently, professional archaeologists have taken over. These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented. This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise, and indeed work done in this area has led to a reinterpretation of the United States past. In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area. And in Sacramento an excavation at site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building’s basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary. The author mainly discusses in this passage ______.
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Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the passage. Why does the speaker mention air-conditioning.9
所谓电子邮件是指利用 【7】 传递的邮件。
The French have a reputation of not (31) in their own homes. Impressions about this (32) in France are based upon (33) in Paris. In Paris, daily and business life is (34) busy that many families want to cling to their privacy to themselves. But If you go to other places, you will find a person as (35) as almost any in Europe. And young people, (36) themselves from the formal standards and obligations of their parents, have become far more (37) in inviting friends as well as relatives to meals. They will usually make a few hours’ (38) How much they entertain may depend upon (39) and how they live. The deeper you go into rural areas, (40) the welcome will be, and sometimes you will find young French farmers almost (41) hospitable. In Paris, (42) smart society level, the tradition of formality still powerfully exists. Here dinner-party habits can be still Edwardian by most London standards, with printed invitation cards, probably evening dress, white-gloved waiters, rigid conventions about (43) the correct food and wines. Here people’s thought is that, if you are to give a party in your own homes, then it must be done perfectly or (44) . So it is held very often. It is true that the formal tradition is (45) . But (46) in this more casual style, Parisians still wish for excellence. And they habitually stick to their little circles of (47) , (48) they are truly warm and sincere, but they (49) seem to want to meet new people outside their own circle—they’re too busy, too tire, and the (50) in Paris is too exacting.
"What does the middleman do but add to the price of goods in the shops " Such remarks are aimed at the intermediate operations between manufacturers and final customers. This practice usually attracts a lot of attention from the public and the press and the operation most talked about is what is often called wholesaling. The wholesaler buys goods in large quantities from the manufacturers and sells them in smaller parcels, to retailers, and for this service his selling price to the retailer is raised several percent higher. But his job is made more difficult by retail demand not necessarily running level with manufacturer’s production. Because he adjusts or regulates the flow of goods by holding stock until required, he frees the manufacturer, to some extent, from the effect on production of changing demand and having to bear the whole risk. The manufacturer can then keep up a steady production flow, and the retailer has no need to hold heavy stocks, who can call on the wholesaler for supplies any time. This wholesale function is like that of a valve in a water pipe. The middleman also bears part of the risk that would otherwise fall on the manufacturer and also the retailer. The wholesaler provides a purely commercial service, for which she is too well rewarded. But the point that is missed by many people is that the wholesaler is not just someone adding to the cost of goods. It is true one could eliminate the wholesaler hut one would still be left with his function: that of making sure that goods find their way to people who want them. The middleman relives the producer of ______.
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