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TEXT D Stress is a word commonly found in today’s vocabulary, and is often used to describe modern working and living patterns, especially in big cities. Yet stress has been a part of daily life since time immemorial. Thus it would be more pertinent to define stress as the way in which the human body deals with all kinds of threatening situations, from confrontations with wild, vicious animals, to struggling through a crowded subway station during the early-morning rush hour: the effects on the body being universal. When confronted with a stressful situation the body reacts by releasing a hormone known as ACTH from the posterior pituitary gland situated at the base of the brain. The hormone, traveling through the network of arteries that make up the primary blood supply route, reaches the kidneys, or more specifically, glands situated on the peripheries, where it stimulates the release of adrenaline. This has an antagonistic effect on various bodily functions. That is to say it stimulates a response in certain organs, whilst inhibiting action in others. In other words a type of trade-off is reached, whereby energy saved by shutting down one function is thus used to enhance the performance of a neighbor. In this way, the body can prepare itself fully for the oncoming danger by using, primarily, the same given amount of energy, giving rise to what is known as the fight or flight response. When the fight or flight response is activated, with the release of adrenaline, blood is directed away from non-vital functions such as the skin and digestion, and redirected to the essential organs such as the brain to facilitate thought, the large muscle groups to facilitate speed, and the lungs to increase the amount of oxygen uptake into the bloodstream, whilst the heart beats faster to pump the blood round the body at an increased rate of speed, and raising the blood pressure. Once the stressful situation has passed the opposite occurs, resulting in what is known as the sympathetic rebound. The heart slows down and blood is redirected away from the lungs, brain and muscles, flowing, once more, to every part of the body, whilst digestion resumes. It is, however, the sympathetic rebound, or more specifically, the effects of the sympathetic rebound that lead to the myriad of modern stress-related diseases. Stress, in fact, has been linked to many more common diseases, such as cancer and even the common cold. The reason for this is that during the fight or flight response the body’s immune system that fights disease is also shut down, leaving the person more vulnerable to illness, and is, indeed, one of the commonest forms of stress-related problems. Unfortunately, however, modern life is packed full of stressful situations, and costs industry, thus the economy, millions of dollars each year in lost revenue. Traveling to work in the morning, meeting tight deadlines whilst at work, studying to further one’s qualifications, paying the mortgage or children’s school fees are but a few. Thus, it transpires that stress is a modern day epidemic that urgently needs addressing. Facing stress, ______ in the brain releases a hormone to cope with that situation.
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In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked [A] , [B] , [C] and [D] . Choose the one that you think is the best answer. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.TEXT A Increasing numbers of parents in the U.S. are choosing to teach their kids at home. In fact, the U. S. Department of Education estimated that, in 1999, around 850,000 children were being homeschooled. Some educational experts say the real figure is about double this estimate, and the ranks of homeschooled children appear to grow at a rate about 11 percent annually. At one time, there was a stigma associated with homeschooling. It was traditionally used for students who could not attend school because of behavioral or learning difficulties. Today, however, more parents are taking on the responsibility of educating their children at home due to dissatisfaction with the educational system. Many parents are unhappy about class size, as well as problems inside the classroom. Teacher shortages and lack of funding mean that, in many schools, one teacher is responsible for thirty or forty pupils. The result is often that children are deprived of the attention they need. Escalating classroom violence has also motivated some parents to remove their children from school. Critics of homeschooling say that children who are not in the classroom miss out on learning important social skills because they have little interaction with their peers. Several studies, though, have shown that the home-educated appear to do just as well in terms of social and emotional development as other students, having spent more time in the comfort and security of their home, with guidance from parents who care about their welfare. In spite of this, many critics of homeschooling have raised concerns about the ability of parents to teach their kids effectively. Many parents whose homeschool have no teacher training and are not competent educators of all the subjects taught in schools. In terms of academic achievement, however, homeschooled children do just as well as those who have been in the classroom and many walk the campuses of Harvard and Stanford alongside the conventionally-educated. With an increasing number of disgruntled parents taking their children out of class, schools are receiving less money in per pupil funding. Some see this as a threat to the system, and argue that schools will never be able to improve their situation and restore parents’ confidence in the educational system. Many schools have opened their doors to homeschoolers on a part-time basis, allowing these children to attend classes once or twice a week, or take part in extra-curricular activities such as playing football or taking ballet lessons. While parents will not completely put their confidence back into the system, many of them have reached a compromise that allows their children the extra benefits of peer interaction and access to a wider choice of activities. Whatever the arguments for or against it, homeschooling in the U.S. has become a multimillion dollar industry, and it is growing. There are now websites, support groups, and conventions that help parents assert their rights and enable them to learn more about educating their children. Though once the last resort for troubled children, homeschooling today is an accepted alternative to an educational system that some believe is failing. Which of the following is NOT the viewpoint of the critics on homeschooling
Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on your ANSWER SHEET. A leading climate change scientist says the warming of the planet would have a devastating impact on the poor and the hungry. The chairman of the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel (31) Climate Change, Rajendra Pachauri, says the (32) of climate change will be mainly felt in the areas of health and agriculture. He says it is the poor (33) would suffer the most from the change. He says heat waves in different parts of the world are making people ill and (34) many deaths. He says the situation is (35) bad in poor countries that do not have the infrastructure or necessary means to (36) people from extreme heat. (37) the agricultural effects of climate change, Pachauri says a great many people are (38) on rain-fed agriculture. Climate change would lead to an increase in precipitation ( 降水 ) in temperate areas, ( 39 ) a decrease in tropical and sub-tropical areas, where most of the people on Earth live. Those who depend on agriculture for their (40) , he says, would be (41) affected by the decrease. "At the global level, with the decline in agricultural (42) , in the largest countries of the world or the most (43) countries of the world, we will find that food stocks will (44) ," Pachauri said. "And, as a matter of fact, that has already started happening. The result of that will be a(n) (45) in food prices. Now, (46) in turn, hits the poorest of the poor very badly. "As countermeasures, the farmers will have to (47) measures such as the more (48) use of water resources and new strains of crops that can (49) higher temperatures and lower (50) of water will have to be developed.
In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 14 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the passage. Mr. Milton founded the voucher programs at the age of
In Switzerland, six miles west of Geneva, lies a collection of laboratories and buildings, and most curious of ally a circular mound (36) more than 650 feet in diameter. This cluster has unique importance. It is Europe’s (37) atomic city dedicated to investigating the atom for peaceful purposes. The strange buildings (38) the European Council for Nuclear Research, more popularly known, from their French initials as CERV. The council was (39) when a handful of statesmen and scientific experts met in Paris in 1950. Their aim was to " (40) an organization providing for cooperation among European states in nuclear research of a pure scientific and fundamental character." The CERV agreement was signed in 1953, and work on the atomic city began in 1954. Today CERV’s (41) are among the most modern and the most diversified in the world. Impressive as the scientific aspect may be, the real significance of CKRV may lie (42) the thousand people—scientists, lab workers, and administrative—group drawn from the fourteen member nations (43) populate it. British engineers work (44) with Swiss electricians and Yugoslav nuclear physicists. The official languages are French and English, with German an unofficial third. But CFRV is (45) tower of Babel—the language of science is universal and all-embracing.
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