题目内容
When three Florida boys were diagnosed as having AIDS, their barber refused to cut their hair and their house was burned down by neighbors. These reactions may be (1)_____, but other AIDS sufferers have experienced job loss, (2)_____ of insurance, and even (3)_____ by their families and friends. Social scientists use the term stigma to describe the discredit and shame that public hostility can (4)_____ a group of people. (5)_____, AIDS sufferers are often stigmatized. Where do these stigmatizing attitudes come from AIDS forces us to confront our own (6)_____ in a particularly (7)_____ way, because most of its victims are young. Some people (8)_____ feelings of vulnerability by convincing themselves that AIDS victims are not like them and (9)_____ their fate. They define AIDS (10)_____ something that can happen only to members of certain groups. Because homosexuals are already a target of (11)_____, people"s intolerance becomes (12)_____ to victims of the disease. The stigma of AIDS has created a (13)_____ for people who think they may be (14)_____ risk. Should they (15)_____ themselves tested for HIV—and risk discrimination if their test results are positive (16)_____ should they avoid being tested Many people take the (17)_____ course. Even when HIV testing is required by law, many people (18)_____ great lengths to avoid it. The tragic result is that many people who have the virus do not (19)_____ out about it, do not receive treatment, and remain (20)_____ to spread the virus to others.
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There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment, they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician, but late one comes to take a deeper and juster view. One becomes convinced, not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation, but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. Every partial solution that ought to result, and in other people does result, in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. They exhibit what is known as a "negative therapeutic reaction". There is no doubt that there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery, and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger. We are accustomed to say that the need for illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery. If we analyze this resistance in the usual way—then, even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness, the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery, more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic inaccessibility, a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness. In the end we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a "moral" factor, a sense of guilt, which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering. We shall be right in regarding this disencouraging explanation as final. But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty, he feels iii. This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which it is extremely difficult to overcome. It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be iii; he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the fight remedy for his case. It can be inferred from the text that the author feels that
Globalization, a process whereby owners of capital are enabled to move their capital around the globe more quickly and easily, has resulted in the removal of state controls on trade and investment, the disappearance of tariff barriers and the spread of new information and communications technologies. In societies around the world, the effects of globalization have influenced social development. Not only are the influences of globalization apparent in markets, their forces are felt in the processes or working towards equality between men and women. Reda Bebars of Egypt, stressing that the advancement of women would not be achieved by passing legislation, said that social development on the national scale must be strengthened and a climate conducive to development must be created if the goals set in Beijing (at the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women) are to be realized. The problems stem from the fact that women are very differently positioned in relation to the markets in different parts of the world. In certain places, where women are socially excluded from leaving their homes, the challenge is to find ways for women to participate. In other places, the challenge is to create markets which are more friendly to women"s participation. Ilham Ibrahim Mohamed Ahmed of Sudan condemned the debt burden carried by developing countries, economic sanctions, arbitrary measures and denial of access to new technological developments as obstacles to the growth of women"s rights. Women remain very much in the minority among Internet users and still face huge imbalances in the ownership, control and regulation of new information technologies. "The gains of globalization have not been equitably distributed and the gap between rich and poor countries is widening," said Zhang Lei of the People"s Republic of China. The gains of globalization thus far have for the most part been concentrated in the hands of better-off women with higher levels of education and with greater ownership of resources and access to capital. "Work in China and Vietnam shows that globalization has brought new opportunities to young women with familiarity with English in new service sector jobs, but has made a vast number of over-35-year-olds redundant, because they are either in declining industries or have outdated skills," Swasti Mitter of the UN"s Women Watch Online Working Group on Women"s Economic Inequality said. The statement"...but made a vast number of 35-year-olds redundant" in the last paragraph refers to the fact that
When three Florida boys were diagnosed as having AIDS, their barber refused to cut their hair and their house was burned down by neighbors. These reactions may be (1)_____, but other AIDS sufferers have experienced job loss, (2)_____ of insurance, and even (3)_____ by their families and friends. Social scientists use the term stigma to describe the discredit and shame that public hostility can (4)_____ a group of people. (5)_____, AIDS sufferers are often stigmatized. Where do these stigmatizing attitudes come from AIDS forces us to confront our own (6)_____ in a particularly (7)_____ way, because most of its victims are young. Some people (8)_____ feelings of vulnerability by convincing themselves that AIDS victims are not like them and (9)_____ their fate. They define AIDS (10)_____ something that can happen only to members of certain groups. Because homosexuals are already a target of (11)_____, people"s intolerance becomes (12)_____ to victims of the disease. The stigma of AIDS has created a (13)_____ for people who think they may be (14)_____ risk. Should they (15)_____ themselves tested for HIV—and risk discrimination if their test results are positive (16)_____ should they avoid being tested Many people take the (17)_____ course. Even when HIV testing is required by law, many people (18)_____ great lengths to avoid it. The tragic result is that many people who have the virus do not (19)_____ out about it, do not receive treatment, and remain (20)_____ to spread the virus to others.
There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment, they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician, but late one comes to take a deeper and juster view. One becomes convinced, not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation, but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. Every partial solution that ought to result, and in other people does result, in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. They exhibit what is known as a "negative therapeutic reaction". There is no doubt that there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery, and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger. We are accustomed to say that the need for illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery. If we analyze this resistance in the usual way—then, even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness, the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery, more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic inaccessibility, a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness. In the end we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a "moral" factor, a sense of guilt, which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering. We shall be right in regarding this disencouraging explanation as final. But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty, he feels iii. This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which it is extremely difficult to overcome. It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be iii; he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the fight remedy for his case. The author"s study of this syndrome leads him to think that
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