PART ONE· Look at the statements below and the five introductions for goods.· Which introduction A, B, C, D or E does each statement 1-8 refer to· For each statement 1-8, mark one letter A, B, C, D or E.· You will need to use some of these letters more than once.A. Shopping goods aren’t bought very often, are bought only after the consumer has compared their features with those of competing brands, and are found in only a few stores in one area. These goods usually have a higher unit price than convenience goods, and an individual salesperson, rather than a cashier, may be needed to sell them. Examples of shopping goods are automobiles, furniture, men’s suits, ladies’ wear, shoes, and major appliances.B. Specialty goods like prestige automobiles, photographic equipment, fine jewelry, and high-fashion clothing and furniture are bought by consumers after a special shopping effort. They are bought infrequently and are generally available only in exclusive outlets. They’re usually high-priced, but price isn’t the main consideration of a consumer buying them. A consumer is often willing to go out of the way to find a certain brand. Specialty goods prove the point that goods are often considered not just for their physical qualities but also for the economic utility, ego enhancement, status, and satisfaction they carry with them. For example, when people buy a new car, they may want it not just for basic transportation but also for recognition, status, or prestige. You’ve probably figured out that this classification of consumer goods is far from rigid. It may differ according to buyers’ intent or wishes. As consumers’ incomes and buying habits change, or as prices drop, goods shift from one classification to another. Usually they shift downward, from the specialty to the shopping, or from the shopping to the convenience goods category. Television sets became shopping goods years ago. When microwave ovens first came on the market, they were regarded by many as an expensive new toy a kind of specialty goods-for the rich. Now they’re considered indispensable shopping goods by working couples and single people who buy them to save cooking time.C. Durable goods can be further classified as either consumer goods or industrial goods, each of which requires a different set of marketing strategies. Consumer goods are used by the consumer or household that buys them and come in a ready-to-use form that calls for no further industrial or commercial processing. On the basis of how much effort a consumer takes to obtain them, consumer goods can be further subdivided into (1) convenience goods, (2) shopping goods, and (3) specialty goods.D. Durable goods have physical qualities and uses that permit them to last a relatively long time, even while being used. They’re designed to be used up over an extended period of time and are made of materials that will take considerable wear and tear. For example, you probably own such durable goods as a car, tape deck, cassette player, TV set, or stereo that should remain usable for several years—or at least until the warranty runs out. Houses are built to last thirty to fifty years or more. Refrigerators and mattresses both have a life expectancy of about twenty years, and quality jewelry, silverware, china, and furniture are frequently handed down from one generation to the next. The fact that a product is durable influences its whole marketing strategy. Obviously, goods like these are packaged differently, sold more personally and aggressively, and priced higher than a tube of toothpaste or a bottle of shampoo.E. Instead of being bought by the ultimate consumer, industrial goods are used by businesses to produce other goods or to provide services to consumers. These goods are usually bought by institutions such as manufacturers, utilities, government agencies, contractors, wholesalers, retailers, hospitals, and schools that use them in producing their own products or services. Buyers of these goods usually provide prospective suppliers with a description of the product or service and request that bids or price quotations be submitted. The buying decision is usually based on technical performance, cost, or expected monetary gain. There are many types of industrial goods, but the most common ones are (a) raw materials, (b) component parts, (c) installations, (d) transportation systems, (e) tools, (f) equipment, (g) materials, and (h) supplies. This kind of goods have physical qualities and uses that permit them to last a long rime.
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2 At home Theodore Roosevelt had affection, not compliments, whether these were unintentional and sincere or were thinly disguised flattery. And affection was what he most craved from his family and nearest friends, and what he gave to them without stint. As I have said, he allowed nothing to interrupt the hours set apart for his wife and children while he was at the White House; and at Oyster Bay there was always time for them. A typical story is told of the boys coming in upon him during a conference with some important visitor, and saying reproachfully, "It’s long after four o’clock, and you promised to go with us at four. " "So I did," said Roosevelt. And he quickly finished his business with the visitor and went. When the children were young, he usually saw them at supper and into bed, and he talked of the famous pillow fights they had with him. House guests at the White House some times unexpectedly caught sight of him crawling in the entry near the children’s rooms, with two or three children riding on his hack. Roosevelt’s days were seldom less than fifteen hours long, and we can guess how he regarded the laboring men of today who clamor for eight and six, and even fewer hours, as the normal period for a day’s work. He got up at half-past seven and always finished breakfast by nine, when what many might call the real work of his day began. The unimaginative laborer probably supposes that most of the duties which fall to all industrious President are not strictly work at all;but if any one had to meet for an hour and a half every forenoon such Congressmen and Senators as chose to call on him, he would understand that that was a job involving real work, hard work. They came every day with a grievance, or an appeal, or a suggestion, or a favor to ask, and he had to treat each one, not only politely, but more or less differently. Early in his Administration I heard it said that he offended some Congressmen by denying their requests in so loud a voice that others in the room could hear him, and this seemed to some a humilia- tion. President McKinley, on the other hand, they said, lowered his voice, and spoke so softly and sweetly that even his refusal did not jar on his visitor, and was not heard at all by the bystanders. If this happened, I suspect it was because Roosevelt spoke rather explosively and had a habit of emphasis, and not because he wished in any way to send his petitioner’s rebuff through the room. Nor was the hour which followed this, when he received general callers, less wearing. As these persons came from all parts of the Union, so they were of all sorts and temperaments. Here was a worthy citizen from Colorado who, on the strength of having once heard the President make a public speech in Denver, claimed immediate friendship with him. Then might come an old lady from Georgia, who remembered his mother’s people there, or the lady from Jacksonville, Florida, of whom I have already spoken. Once a little boy, who was almost lost in the crush of grown-up visitors, managed to reach the President. "What can I do for you" the President asked; and the boy told how his father had died leaving his mother with a large family and no money, and how he was selling typewriters to help support her. His mother, he said, would be most grateful if the President would accept a typewriter from her as a gift. So the President told the little fellow to go and sit down until the other visitors had passed, and then he would attend to him. No doubt, the boy left the White House well contented--and richer. From the stories which exemplify Roosevelt’s affection for his family members, we can infer that______.
A. he was not flexible with his schedule
B. the President tried to fulfill his promises to them
C. he would stopped whatever he was doing for them
D. the President apologized to them when he could not stay with them
St. Petersburg. The very name brings to mind some of Russia’s greatest poets, writers and composers. Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tchaikovsky. The 19th century was a golden age for St. Petersburg’s (圣彼得堡) wealthy classes. It was a world of ballets and balls, of art and literature, of tea and caviar (鱼子酱).
3 World Trade Organization Director-general Renato Ruggiero predicted that the WTO would boost global incomes by ﹩1 trillion in the next ten years. The pact paves the way for more foreign investment and competition in telecom markets. Many governments are making telecom deregulation a priority and making it easier for outsiders to enter the telecom- munication business. The pace varies widely. The U. S. and Britain are well ahead of the pack, while Thai- land won’t be fully open until 2006. Only 20% of the ﹩ 601 billion world market is currently open to competition. That should jump to about 75% in a couple of years—largely due to the Telecom Act in the U. S. last year that deregulated local markets, the opening up of the European Union’s markets from Jan. 1, 1998 and the deregulation in Japan. The WTO deal now provides a forum for the inevitable disputes along the way. It is also symbolic.. the first major trade agreement of the post-industrial age. Instead of being obsessed with textile quotas, the WTO pact is proof that governments are realizing that in an information age, telecom is the oil and steel of economies in the future. Businesses around the world are already spending more in total on telecom services than they do on oil. Consumers, meanwhile, can look forward to a future of lower prices—by some estimates, international calling rates should drop 80% over several years—and better serv- ice. Thanks in part to the vastly increased call volume carded by the fiber-optic cables that span the globe today, calling half a world away already costs little more than telephoning next door. The monopolies can no longer set high prices for international calls in many countries. In the U. S. , the world’s most fiercely competitive long distance market, fre- quent callers since last year have been paying about 12 cents a minute to call Britain, a price not much more than domestic rates. The new competitive environment on the horizon means more opportunities for compa- nies from the U. S. and U. K. in particular because they have plenty of practice at the roughand tumble of free markets. The U. S. lobbied hard for the WTO deal, confident that its firms would be big beneficiaries of more open markets. Britain has been deregulated since 1984 but will see even more competition than before, in December, the government issued 45 new international licenses to join British Telecom so that it will become a strong competitor in the international market. However, the once-cosseted industry will get rougher worldwide. Returns on capital will come down. Risks will go up. That is how free markets work. It will look like any other business. Which of the following statements can best describe the main theme of the passage
A. There is a great potential in the world telecom market.
B. The WTO pact has boosted a rapid development of telecom all over the world.
C. The WTO pact has opened up bigger telecom markets to competition.
D. Governments have realized the importance of telecommunication.
3 World Trade Organization Director-general Renato Ruggiero predicted that the WTO would boost global incomes by ﹩1 trillion in the next ten years. The pact paves the way for more foreign investment and competition in telecom markets. Many governments are making telecom deregulation a priority and making it easier for outsiders to enter the telecom- munication business. The pace varies widely. The U. S. and Britain are well ahead of the pack, while Thai- land won’t be fully open until 2006. Only 20% of the ﹩ 601 billion world market is currently open to competition. That should jump to about 75% in a couple of years—largely due to the Telecom Act in the U. S. last year that deregulated local markets, the opening up of the European Union’s markets from Jan. 1, 1998 and the deregulation in Japan. The WTO deal now provides a forum for the inevitable disputes along the way. It is also symbolic.. the first major trade agreement of the post-industrial age. Instead of being obsessed with textile quotas, the WTO pact is proof that governments are realizing that in an information age, telecom is the oil and steel of economies in the future. Businesses around the world are already spending more in total on telecom services than they do on oil. Consumers, meanwhile, can look forward to a future of lower prices—by some estimates, international calling rates should drop 80% over several years—and better serv- ice. Thanks in part to the vastly increased call volume carded by the fiber-optic cables that span the globe today, calling half a world away already costs little more than telephoning next door. The monopolies can no longer set high prices for international calls in many countries. In the U. S. , the world’s most fiercely competitive long distance market, fre- quent callers since last year have been paying about 12 cents a minute to call Britain, a price not much more than domestic rates. The new competitive environment on the horizon means more opportunities for compa- nies from the U. S. and U. K. in particular because they have plenty of practice at the roughand tumble of free markets. The U. S. lobbied hard for the WTO deal, confident that its firms would be big beneficiaries of more open markets. Britain has been deregulated since 1984 but will see even more competition than before, in December, the government issued 45 new international licenses to join British Telecom so that it will become a strong competitor in the international market. However, the once-cosseted industry will get rougher worldwide. Returns on capital will come down. Risks will go up. That is how free markets work. It will look like any other business. What does "well ahead of the pack" mean in respect of the U. S. and Britain
A. Their telecom technology is much more advanced.
B. Their telecom markets are much more open.
C. They have more money invested in foreign telecom business.
D. They have more competition in the telecom markets.