The Cold Places The Arctic is a polar region. It surrounds the North Pole. Like Antarctica, the Arctic is a land of ice and snow. Antarctica holds the record for a low temperature reading—125 Fahrenheit below zero. Readings of 85 degrees below zero are common in both the Arctic and Antarctica. Winter temperatures average 30 degrees below zero in the Arctic. At the South Pole the winter is about 73 degrees below zero. One thing alone makes it almost impossible for men to Jive in Antarctica and in parts of the Arctic. This one thing is the low temperature—the killing chili of the far North and the polar South. To survive, men must wear the warmest possible clothing. They must build windproof shelters. They must keep heaters going at all times. Not even for moment can they be unprotected against the below-zero temperature. Men have a way of providing for themselves. Polar explorers wrap themselves in warm coats and furs. The cold makes life difficult. But the explorers can stay alive. What about animals Can they survive Do we find plants Do we find life in the Arctic and the Antarctica Yes, we do. There is life in the oceans. There is life on land. Antarctica, as we have seen, is a cold place indeed. But this has not always been the case. Expedition scientists have discovered that Antarctica may have been much like our own. Explores have discovered coal in Antarctica. This leads them to believe that Antarctica at one time was a land of swamps and forests. Heat and moisture must have kept the trees in the forests alive. As discovered by expedition scientists, Antarctica has not always been so cold as it is today, so has the Arctic.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
Cost as a Factor in SupplyIn a purely competitive market, the supplier of goods and services has no control over the market price, because he produces too little to influence market conditions. With no difference between his products and the products (51) his competitors, he will sell nothing if he charges above the market price and he will sell all if he charges at or (52) the market price. However, in considering the price, he must take the (53) of production into consideration. There are times when he may be willing to sell below his cost. This might happen when prices tumble for (54) he believes will be a short time. However, no business person can (55) to lose money for a prolonged period. He must be constantly (56) of his costs in relation to the market price if he is to compete successfully and earn a profit.Many people have the impression that as production increases, costs per unit decrease. (57) mass production has made this true in certain industries and at certain levels of production, (58) logic and practical experiences have shown that costs per unit begin to rise beyond a certain level of production. Some economists (59) to this principle as the law of increasing costs.The reason costs rise as production goes up is (60) . However, it is easy to recognize that as production goes up, the need for additional factors of production will also grow, (61) competitive bidding in the marketplace for the factors of production. If a producer needs (62) skilled labor to produce more, and none of this labor is unemployed, the producer will have to get (63) from other sources. This can be done by (64) higher wages. Higher bidding would also apply to the other factors of production. We must also recognize that not all labor is equally productive, (65) not all land is equally fertile and not all ore (矿石) is equally rich in the mineral wanted. 55().
A. afford
B. pretend
C. offer
D. decide
Although "naming rights" have proliferated in American higher education for the past several decades, the phenomenon has recently expanded to extraordinary lengths. Anything to get an extra dollar out of donors is fair game. I know colleges and universities sorely need to raise funds in these times of fiscal constraints, but things have gotten a bit out of hand. Universities and colleges have long been named after donors-think of Harvard, Yale, Brown, and many others. John Harvard would hardly get a bench named after him today, given the modesty of his gift of books for the library back in the seventeenth century. Now it takes much more to get one’s name on a college. One institution, Rowan University of New Jersey, changed its name (from Glassboro State College) not long ago when a large donation was made. Buildings, too, have been affected. Traditionally, they were named after people such as distinguished scholars or visionary academic leaders; now they’re often named after big donors. Why is all of this happening now The main motivation for the naming frenzy is, of course, to raise money. Donors love to see their names, or the names of their parents or other relatives, on buildings, schools, institutions, professorships, and the like. Increasingly, corporations and other businesses also seek to benefit from having their names on educational facilities. Today, no limits seem to exist on what can be named. If something does not have a name, it is up for grabs—a staircase, a pond, or a parking garage. Once all the major facilities have titles, lesser things go on the naming auction block. Colleges and universities, public and private, are all under increased pressure to raise money, and naming brings in cash. It is unproductive. Separate branding weakens the focus and mission of an institution and perhaps even its broader reputation. It confuses the public, including potential students, and feeds the idea that the twenty-first-century university is simply a confederation of independent entrepreneurial domains. The trends we see now in the United States, and perhaps tomorrow in other countries, will inevitably weaken the concept of the university as an institution that is devoted to the search for truth and the transmission of knowledge. All this naming distracts from the mission of an institution that has almost a millennium of history and cheapens its image. It is a sad symbol indeed of the commercialization and entrepreneurialism of the contemporary university. The word "transmission" underlined in Paragraph 5 refers to ______.
A. spread
B. inculcation
C. cultivation
D. development
Cost as a Factor in SupplyIn a purely competitive market, the supplier of goods and services has no control over the market price, because he produces too little to influence market conditions. With no difference between his products and the products (51) his competitors, he will sell nothing if he charges above the market price and he will sell all if he charges at or (52) the market price. However, in considering the price, he must take the (53) of production into consideration. There are times when he may be willing to sell below his cost. This might happen when prices tumble for (54) he believes will be a short time. However, no business person can (55) to lose money for a prolonged period. He must be constantly (56) of his costs in relation to the market price if he is to compete successfully and earn a profit.Many people have the impression that as production increases, costs per unit decrease. (57) mass production has made this true in certain industries and at certain levels of production, (58) logic and practical experiences have shown that costs per unit begin to rise beyond a certain level of production. Some economists (59) to this principle as the law of increasing costs.The reason costs rise as production goes up is (60) . However, it is easy to recognize that as production goes up, the need for additional factors of production will also grow, (61) competitive bidding in the marketplace for the factors of production. If a producer needs (62) skilled labor to produce more, and none of this labor is unemployed, the producer will have to get (63) from other sources. This can be done by (64) higher wages. Higher bidding would also apply to the other factors of production. We must also recognize that not all labor is equally productive, (65) not all land is equally fertile and not all ore (矿石) is equally rich in the mineral wanted. 56().
A. sure
B. afraid
C. aware
D. suspicious