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病因判断的常用标准？
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Part B Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions , and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self- governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values." Who will use a technology and to what ends 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected. and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
300位成年男性体格检查，经冠状动脉造影和心电图运动试验检查，结果在165例冠脉造影显示狭窄的人中，心电图阳性87例，阴性78例；135例冠脉造影显示不狭窄的人中，心电图阳性11例，阴性124例。试评价心电图运动试验用于诊断冠心病的真实性（计算课本中所列的指标）。
Doctors are starting to find more and more information that suggests a connection between exercise and brain development. According to some research, it seems that exercise can make blood vessels, including those in the brain, stronger and more fully developeD． The effects of exercise on brain development can even be seen in babies. Babies who do activities that require a lot of movement and physical activity show greater brain development than babies who are less physically active. Margaret Barnes, a pediatrician, believes in the importance of exercise. (82)She thinks that many learning disabilities that children have in elementary school or high school can be traced back to a lack of movement as babies. In studies with seniors, research has shown that exercise helps older people as well. The exercise doesn’t have to be very difficult. The main goal is just to increase the heart rate. And especially when learning new movements, such as yoga or tai chi, it appears that new memory paths open up in the brain. This can improve people’s short-term memory. What type of patients does a pediatrician probably treat
H5N1 avian influence, known commonly as bird flu, has killed at least 15 people across Asia and was confirmed in China on January 27. No human cases have been found in the mainland, but 13 of the country’s 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities (直辖市) have reported the disease in poultry. The Chinese government has taken measures to prevent and control the disease. Poultry within 3 km of infected farms is to be killed and those within 5 km to receive vaccines (疫苗). (84)Meanwhile , there will be constant monitoring and daily reports on the disease across the country, and increased production of bird flu vaccines. Among the Asian countries and regions affected by bird flue in animals, only Vietnam and Thailand have reported human cases. The people infected were reported to have caught the disease from poultry, while the World Health Organization (WHO) said there is "no proof of human-to-human transmission(传播)" of bird flue. (85)The big fear is that the disease could combine with a human influenza virus to create a deadly new disease that will kill millions of people across the globe. Many Asian farmers live closely with their animals and sell live chickens in the market. This greatly increases the possibility of human beings infected with bird flu. A spokesman of the WHO said that Asian countries affected by bird flu should introduce a more healthy way of raising and selling chickens. And the people there have to complexly change their lifestyle and attitude towards animals. Here are some safety measures for people to stay healthy; Keep fit and well through regular exercise; Avoid infected poultry and infected people; Avoid eating raw or under-done poultry and eggs; Make sure there is always fresh air in your home; Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing; Wash your hands frequently; Which must be wrong for the Asians to change their lifestyle
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