题目内容
People do not analyze every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember a (36) from the last time they had a similar problem. They often accept the (37) or ideas of other people. Other times they begin to act without thinking; they try to find a solution by (38) and error. However, when all these (39) fail, the person with a problem has to start analyzing. There are six (40) in analyzing a problem. First, the person must recognize that there is a problem. For example, Sam’s bicycle is broken, and he cannot ride it to class as he usually does. Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle. Next, the thinker must (41) the problem. Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must find the reason why it does not work. For instance, he must (42) if the problem is with the gears, the brakes, or the (43) . He must take his problem more specific. (44) . For instance, suppose Sam decided that his bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gear wheels. (45) . He can talk to his friends at the bike shop. He can look at his gears carefully. (46) . Take Sam as an illustration. His suggestions might be: put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones; tighten or loosen the gear wheels. People do not analyze every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember a (36) from the last time they had a similar problem. They often accept the (37) or ideas of other people. Other times they begin to act without thinking; they try to find a solution by (38) and error. However, when all these (39) fail, the person with a problem has to start analyzing. There are six (40) in analyzing a problem. First, the person must recognize that there is a problem. For example, Sam’s bicycle is broken, and he cannot ride it to class as he usually does. Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle. Next, the thinker must (41) the problem. Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must find the reason why it does not work. For instance, he must (42) if the problem is with the gears, the brakes, or the (43) . He must take his problem more specific. (44) . For instance, suppose Sam decided that his bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gear wheels. (45) . He can talk to his friends at the bike shop. He can look at his gears carefully. (46) . Take Sam as an illustration. His suggestions might be: put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones; tighten or loosen the gear wheels.
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California legislators have a chance to eliminate the state’s unjust and loop-hole-ridden newspaper sales tax, if a handful of Senate leaders will let them. The long-overdue repeal of this eight-year-old "temporary" tax breezed through the General Assembly the other day by a vote of 73-5. Senate leadership, however, appears determined to avoid any similar vote in its house. "We’ve kind of always felt that if we could get to the rank and file in the Senate, repeal would pass," says Thomas W. Newton, general counsel for the California Newspaper Publishers Association (CNPA). Senate president pro tem John Burton and other leaders know that, so they are hoping to keep the bill bottled up in committee until the Legislature adjourns in August. Certainly, neither Burton nor anyone else can make a compelling argument for keeping the tax. Sixteen states impose some kind of sales tax on newspapers, but California’s is uniquely, um, Californian in making odd distinctions about what kinds of newspapers do or do not get taxed. Its very creation was an example of legislative sausagemakinq at its worst. Back in 1991, California was in a budget crisis. With the state deficit approaching $14.5 billion, legislators agreed to overturn the traditional sales tax exemptions for newspapers, magazines, bottle water, candy, and snack foods. The 8% sales tax was sold as a temporary, emergency measure to get out of a fiscal jam. As soon as it was passed, legislators began to pare away at it. Free distribution newspapers were exempted within days. The next year, most weekly newspapers -those that publish fewer than 60 times a year -were exempted, as were magazines. Since then, the sales tax has been dropped on candy, snack foods, bottled water, and, yes, bunker fuel. Who’s left About 135 daily and twice-weekly newspapers. One other thing has changed since 1991: Instead of facing a $14.5 billion deficit, California this year expect to rake in a surplus of $4 to $5 billion. Senate leaders talk as if repealing the tax amounts to giving a financial windfall to the Los Angeles Times or some other big-city paper. Well, there are perhaps 10 of those in California. "The typical paper that is paying this tax is the 6,000-circulation daily Turlock Journal or the 11,000-circulation twice-weekly Sonoma IndexTribune," CNPA’s Newton says. For these local papers, the sales tax is a real burden -especially since the Legislature in its wisdom has never taxed competing media. There is no sales tax on direct mail, yellow Pages, cable TV, radio, or the Internet. Sometimes the burden is fatal: Assemblyman Jack Scott says he was persuaded to repeal the tax after a community paper in his district folded. California’s sales tax on newspapers has done enough damage. It is time for president pro tem Burton to show some real leadership -by getting out of the way and letting state senators vote for repeal. The tone of the text can best be described as
Got a pen handy To best estimate your start-up costs, you’ll need to make a list and the more detailed the better. A smart (62) to start is to brainstorm everything you’ll need, from tangible (有形的) goods ( (63) inventory, equipment and fixtures) to professional services (such as remodeling, advertising and legal work). Then, start (64) how much you’ll need to pay for all those goods and services. Some of the expenses (65) during the start-up phase will be one-time costs, such as the fee for printing up your brochures, creating your LLC or acquiring a permit, (66) others will be ongoing, such as rent, insurance or employees’ salaries. In (67) , it’s best to use a two-step process. First, (68) an estimate of one-time costs needed to get your doors open, and then develop an operating (69) for the first six months or even the first year of the business. If you’re still having trouble (70) out how much money you need, do research (71) other companies in your industry and region of the country. Talk to their owners about (72) they figured out start-up costs and ask (73) about expenses they forgot. The SBA offers free (74) through its Small Business Development Centers and its (75) , SCORE. You can also seek advice from an accountant or attorney (76) to dealing with small businesses. When in (77) about your projections, you should always err (犯错误) on the side of overestimating your up-front investment cost and (78) sales. Eric van Merkensteijn, a University of Pennsylvania business professor who left (79) in the late 1990s to open a restaurant in Philadelphia, offers this advice: Figure out your start-up costs, then (80) that number. Then double it again. Only then will you have a(n) (81) number, says the professor, who closed the business in 2004 and returned to campus.
California legislators have a chance to eliminate the state’s unjust and loop-hole-ridden newspaper sales tax, if a handful of Senate leaders will let them. The long-overdue repeal of this eight-year-old "temporary" tax breezed through the General Assembly the other day by a vote of 73-5. Senate leadership, however, appears determined to avoid any similar vote in its house. "We’ve kind of always felt that if we could get to the rank and file in the Senate, repeal would pass," says Thomas W. Newton, general counsel for the California Newspaper Publishers Association (CNPA). Senate president pro tem John Burton and other leaders know that, so they are hoping to keep the bill bottled up in committee until the Legislature adjourns in August. Certainly, neither Burton nor anyone else can make a compelling argument for keeping the tax. Sixteen states impose some kind of sales tax on newspapers, but California’s is uniquely, um, Californian in making odd distinctions about what kinds of newspapers do or do not get taxed. Its very creation was an example of legislative sausagemakinq at its worst. Back in 1991, California was in a budget crisis. With the state deficit approaching $14.5 billion, legislators agreed to overturn the traditional sales tax exemptions for newspapers, magazines, bottle water, candy, and snack foods. The 8% sales tax was sold as a temporary, emergency measure to get out of a fiscal jam. As soon as it was passed, legislators began to pare away at it. Free distribution newspapers were exempted within days. The next year, most weekly newspapers -those that publish fewer than 60 times a year -were exempted, as were magazines. Since then, the sales tax has been dropped on candy, snack foods, bottled water, and, yes, bunker fuel. Who’s left About 135 daily and twice-weekly newspapers. One other thing has changed since 1991: Instead of facing a $14.5 billion deficit, California this year expect to rake in a surplus of $4 to $5 billion. Senate leaders talk as if repealing the tax amounts to giving a financial windfall to the Los Angeles Times or some other big-city paper. Well, there are perhaps 10 of those in California. "The typical paper that is paying this tax is the 6,000-circulation daily Turlock Journal or the 11,000-circulation twice-weekly Sonoma IndexTribune," CNPA’s Newton says. For these local papers, the sales tax is a real burden -especially since the Legislature in its wisdom has never taxed competing media. There is no sales tax on direct mail, yellow Pages, cable TV, radio, or the Internet. Sometimes the burden is fatal: Assemblyman Jack Scott says he was persuaded to repeal the tax after a community paper in his district folded. California’s sales tax on newspapers has done enough damage. It is time for president pro tem Burton to show some real leadership -by getting out of the way and letting state senators vote for repeal. The word "repeal" in the first paragraph probably means
Got a pen handy To best estimate your start-up costs, you’ll need to make a list and the more detailed the better. A smart (62) to start is to brainstorm everything you’ll need, from tangible (有形的) goods ( (63) inventory, equipment and fixtures) to professional services (such as remodeling, advertising and legal work). Then, start (64) how much you’ll need to pay for all those goods and services. Some of the expenses (65) during the start-up phase will be one-time costs, such as the fee for printing up your brochures, creating your LLC or acquiring a permit, (66) others will be ongoing, such as rent, insurance or employees’ salaries. In (67) , it’s best to use a two-step process. First, (68) an estimate of one-time costs needed to get your doors open, and then develop an operating (69) for the first six months or even the first year of the business. If you’re still having trouble (70) out how much money you need, do research (71) other companies in your industry and region of the country. Talk to their owners about (72) they figured out start-up costs and ask (73) about expenses they forgot. The SBA offers free (74) through its Small Business Development Centers and its (75) , SCORE. You can also seek advice from an accountant or attorney (76) to dealing with small businesses. When in (77) about your projections, you should always err (犯错误) on the side of overestimating your up-front investment cost and (78) sales. Eric van Merkensteijn, a University of Pennsylvania business professor who left (79) in the late 1990s to open a restaurant in Philadelphia, offers this advice: Figure out your start-up costs, then (80) that number. Then double it again. Only then will you have a(n) (81) number, says the professor, who closed the business in 2004 and returned to campus.
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