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案例分析题Passage OneIf you dream in color, you’re not alone: the majority of people today claim to have. colorful dreams. But it wasn’t ’always thus. Research conducted in the early part of the last century consistently found that people reported dreaming most often in black and white. According to Eva Murzyn at the University of Dundee, there are at least two possible explanations for this strange anomaly(反常).The first is methodological. The early studies tended to use questionnaires, whereas more modern studies use dream diaries (filled in upon rising in the morning) or so-called "REM-awakening", which involves interrupting people’s dream-filled periods of sleep to find out what they were dreaming about. People’s memories of their dreams are likely to be less accurate using the questionnaire approach and more likely to reflect lay(世俗的) beliefs about the form dreams generally take.The second explanation has to do with black and white television and film. It’s possible that the boom in black and white film and television during the first half of the last century either affected the form of people’s dreams at that time, or affected their beliefs about the form dreams generally take.According to Murzyn’s findings, it’s the explanation based on media exposure that carries more weight. She used both questionnaire and diary methods to study the dreams of 30 older (average age 64) and 30 younger people (average age 21). The methodological technique made no difference to the type of dreams people reported. Crucially, however, across both questionnaires and diaries, the older participants (who had had significant early life exposure to black and white media) reported experiencing significantly more black and white dreams over the last ten days than the younger participants (22 per cent vs 4 per cent).Another finding was that older participants reported black and white dreams and color dreams to be of equal vividness. By contrast, the younger participants reported that the quality of black and white dreams was poorer. This raises the possibility that the younger participants didn’t really have any black and white dreams at all, but were simply labeling poorly remembered dreams as black and white.Several awkward questions are left unanswered by this study. It’s not clear if the older participants really are experiencing more black and white dreams or if it’s their memories or beliefs about dreams that is influencing their reports. We may infer from the fourth paragraph that（）.
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案例分析题It should be kept in mind that crying is the natural province of the infant. Babies come into this world and most immediately begin crying, and they will use this communication (36) of pre-language development to communicate all their (37) . But, studies also show that boy’s cries may be ignored for (38) longer, and especially in certain cultures, girl’s cries are (39) to immediately. From birth we may be taught there are immediate (40) for crying, or that it is of little purpose, depending on our (41) . Whether or not people cry as adults may have much to do with the way their society treats tears. In many societies, tears in men are only (42) at a few occasions, perhaps a funeral. This is (43) indeed; especially when boy children are told not to cry regularly, (44) . Instead, anger becomes the preferred emotion because it is more "male", and men may need to work very long and hard to access the grief behind anger. (45) . When people cry, especially women, they may be viewed as "emotional" as though this is a negative characteristic. On the other hand, most experts will point out that (46) . 39（）
案例分析题Imagine a city transport system 20 years into the future and jam, air quality and energy efficiency may come to mind, but a driverless bus probably won’t. Yet bus design experts, Capoco Design Ltd., are proposing an automated bus transport system that is economical, frequent and green. Responsible for about 65% of UK city buses over the past 15 years, Capoco are familiar with the demands of running urban transport systems. In 2002, Capoco commissioned a research project with the Royal College of Art, resulting in the mobilicity project, a research venture exploring urban travel in the future.According to Capoco, the surprising thing about a city bus is that about 60% of the framing cost is spent on the driver, There’s a drive to automate buses and therefore to halve (把……减半) the operating costs. The pods (容器)that make up Capoco’s driverless bus are designed to run on electricity but can be adapted to use biofuel, or hydrogen(氢)in a fuel cell, and can be updated to run on the cleanest fuel available.The vehicle navigation technology combines satellite positioning and a calibration (校准)system using magnets positioned in the road every few metres. The bus navigates using the onboard route map and calibrates every ten meters to ensure that the onboard system knows exactly where the bus is on the route.The system would start with exclusive lanes using the sensors to remain in the lane but in the longer term the aim is to run the vehicles with traffic around them. There are already a lot of automatic guided vehicles running inside factories alongside people and forklift trucks on the same basis.The next step is to build a trial system with two vehicles to prove the basic functionality of the vehicles. Next year, a pilot system of up to 12 vehicles could be introduced in a closed environment like a campus or an airport to test the installation further.With no driver costs, you can run vehicles as small as five meters long and carrying 24 people, and you can run them more frequently and on more routes. Transport in the future could be as easy as hopping on a horizontal lift. For the nervous, the lift is probably a more reassuring vision than a driverless bus but, if the mobilicity system is tested successfully, driverless buses could become an everyday sight in the cities of the future! What is said about the city transport system in the UK（）
案例分析题A friend of mine once asked me a question: "Who said life was going to be fair, or that it was even meant to be fair" Her question was a good one. It (47) me of something I was taught as a youngster--life isn’t fair. It’s a disappointment, but it’s (48) true. One of the mistakes many of us make is that we feel sorry for ourselves, or for others, thinking that life should be fair, or that someday it will he. It’s not and it won’t.One of the nice things about (49) to the fact that life isn’t fair is that it keeps us from feeling sorry for ourselves by (50) us to do the very best we can with what we have. We know it’s not "life’s job" to make everything perfect; it’s our own (51) . The fact also keeps us from feeling sorry for others because everyone has (52) strengths and problems in the process of growing up, facing the reality and making decisions, and everyone has those tunes that they feel they are (53) of life or unfairly treated.The fact that life isn’t fair doesn’t mean we shouldn’t do everything in our power to (54) our own lives or the world as a whole. On the contrary, it suggests that we should. When we do recognize that life isn’t fair, however, we feel (55) for others and for ourselves. And it is a heartfelt (56) that delivers loving kindness to everyone it touches. 47（）
案例分析题It should be kept in mind that crying is the natural province of the infant. Babies come into this world and most immediately begin crying, and they will use this communication (36) of pre-language development to communicate all their (37) . But, studies also show that boy’s cries may be ignored for (38) longer, and especially in certain cultures, girl’s cries are (39) to immediately. From birth we may be taught there are immediate (40) for crying, or that it is of little purpose, depending on our (41) . Whether or not people cry as adults may have much to do with the way their society treats tears. In many societies, tears in men are only (42) at a few occasions, perhaps a funeral. This is (43) indeed; especially when boy children are told not to cry regularly, (44) . Instead, anger becomes the preferred emotion because it is more "male", and men may need to work very long and hard to access the grief behind anger. (45) . When people cry, especially women, they may be viewed as "emotional" as though this is a negative characteristic. On the other hand, most experts will point out that (46) . 36（）
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