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Motivation for Words Motivation deals with the connection betweenname and sense. Basically, there are three motivationsfor words:Ⅰ. Onomatopoeic motivation—defining theprinciple of motivation by (1) ______. (1) ______ —primary onomatopoeia: the (2) ______ of sound (2) ______by sound —(3) ______ onomatopoeia: association of (3) ______sound with senses e. g. -ump suggests (4) ______. (4) ______Ⅱ. (5) ______ motivation—defining motivation by (5) ______mental association. It is closely connected with figures of speech: —(6) ______: containing an implied comparison (6) ______ —metonymy: naming something by its attributes —synecdoche: the (7) ______ of a part for a (7) ______whole or vice versaⅢ. Logical motivation—defining a concept bylogic. There are two (8) ______ involved in giving a (8) ______definition: the first is to identify the genus and thesecond is to (9) ______ the item being defined from (9) ______other similar species in the same genus. There may be factors leading to loss of motivation.They are change in morphological structure and changein (10) ______. (10) ______
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Clearly if we are to participate in the society in which we live we mustcommunicate with the other people. A great deal of communicating is (1) ______performed on a person-to-person base by the simple means of speech. (2) ______If we travel in buses, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, we arepossible to have conversations where we give information or opinions, (3) ______receive news or comment, and very likely have our views challengedby other members of society. Face-to face contact is by no mean the only form of communication (4) ______and during the last two hundred years the art of mass communication hasbecome one of the dominating factors of contemporary society. Two things,above others, have caused the enormous growth of the communication industry.Firstly, inventiveness had led to advances in printing, telecommunications,photography, radio and television. Secondly, speed has revolutionized thetransmission and reception of communications so that local news often takesa back seat to national news, which themselves is often almost eclipsed by (5) ______international news. No longer is the possession of information confined to a privilegedmajority. In the last century the wealthy man with his own library was indeed (6) ______fortunate, and today there are public libraries. Forty years ago people used to (7) ______flock to cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to (8) ______watch a program that is being channeled into millions of homes, Communication is no longer mere concerned with the transmission (9) ______of information. The modern communication industry influences the waypeople live in society and narrows their horizons by allowing access to (10) ______information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcastingand advertising industries are all involved with informing, educatingand entertaining.
炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤的特点是：（）
腺泡状软组织肉瘤是：（）
David Landes, author of The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor, credits the world’s economic and social progress over the last thousand years to "Western civilization and its dissemination." The reason, he believes, is that Europeans invented systematic economic development Landes adds that three unique aspects of European culture were crucial ingredients in Europe’s economic growth. First, science developed as an autonomous method of intellectual inquiry that successfully disengaged itself from the social constraints of organized religion and from the political constraints of centralized authority. Though Europe lacked a political center, its scholars benefited from the use of a single vehicle of communication: Latin. This common tongue facilitated an adversarial discourse in which new ideas about the physical world could be tested, demonstrated, and then accepted across the continent and eventually across the world. Second, Landes espouses a generalized form of Max Weber’s thesis that the values of work, initiative, and investment made the difference for Europe. Despite his emphasis on science, Landes does not stress the notion of rationality as such. In his view, "what counts is work, thrift, honesty, patience, [and] tenacity." The only route to economic success for individuals or states is working hard, spending less than you earn, and investing the rest in productive capacity. This is his fundamental explanation of the problem posed by his book’s subtitle: "Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor." For historical reasons—an emphasis on private property, an experience of political pluralism, a temperate climate, an urban style—Europeans have, on balance, followed those practices and therefore have prospered. Third, and perhaps most important, Europeans were learners. They "learned rather greedily," as Joel Mokyr put it in a review of Landes’s book. Even if Europeans possessed indigenous technologies that gave them an advantage (spectacles, for example), as Landes believes they did, their most vital asset was the ability to assimilate knowledge from around the world. and put it to use—as in borrowing the concept of zero and rediscovering Aristotle’s Logic from the Arabs and taking paper and gunpowder from the Chinese via the Muslim world. Landes argues that a systematic resistance to learning from other cultures had become the greatest handicap of the Chinese by the eighteenth century and remains the greatest handicap of Arab countries today. Although his analysis of European expansion is almost nonexistent, Landes does not argue that Europeans were beneficent bearers of civilization to a benighted world. Rather, he relies on his own commonsense law: "When one group is strong enough to push another around and stands to gain by it, it will do so." In contrast to the new school of world historians, Landes believes that specific cultural values enabled technological advances that in turn made some Europeans strong enough to dominate people in other parts of the world. Europeans therefore proceeded to do so with great viciousness and cruelty. By focusing on their victimization in this process, Landes holds, some postcolonial states have wasted energy that could have been put into productive work and investment. If one could sum up Landes’s advice to these states in one sentence, it might be "Stop whining and get to work." This is particularly important, indeed hopeful, advice, he would argue, because success is not permanent. Advantages are not fixed, gains from trade are unequal, and different societies react differently to market signals. Therefore, not only is there hope for undeveloped countries, but developed countries have little cause to be complacent, because the current situation "will press hard" on them. The thrust of studies like Landes’s is to identify those distinctive features of European civilization that lie behind Europe’s rise to power and the creation of modernity more generally. Other historians have placed a greater emphasis on such features as liberty, individualism, and Christianity. In a review essay, the art historian Craig Clunas listed some of the less well known linkages that have been proposed between Western culture and modernity, including the propensities to think quantitatively, enjoy pornography, and consume sugar. All such proposals assume the fundamental aptness of the question: What elements of European civilization led to European success It is a short leap from this assumption to outright triumphalism. The paradigmatic book of this school is, of course, The End of History and the Last Man, in which Francis Fuknyama argues that after the collapse of Nazism in the twentieth century, the only remaining model for human organization in the industrial and communications ages is a combination of market economics and limited, pluralist, democratic government. "This school" (par
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