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Directions: Scan the following passage and find the words which have roughly the same meanings as those given below. The number in the brackets after each word definition refers to the number of paragraph in which the target word is. Write the word you choose on the Answer Sheet.(1)About three hundred years ago, there were approximately half a billion people in the world. In the two centuries that followed the population doubled, and, by 1850, there were more than a billion people in the world. It took only 75 years for the figure to double once more, so that now the population figure stands at approximately six and one half billion. Each day the population of the world increases by about 150,000. (2) In former centuries the population grew slowly. Famines, wars, and epidemics, such as the plague and cholera, killed many people. Today, although the birth rate has not changed significantly, the death rate has been lowered considerably by various kinds of progress. (3) Thus, at the same time that the industrial revolution made it possible to produce goods more cheaply and more quickly in factories, and agricultural revolution also took place. Instead of leaving fields empty every third year, farmers began to plant clover or some other crops that would enrich the soil. Instead of using only animal fertilizer, farmers began to use chemical fertilizers to keep the soil rich. These methods have enabled French farmers, for example, to get five times as much wheat as was obtained from the same land two centuries ago. (4) At the same time, constant progress has been going on in industry. Fifty years ago it took a day to assemble the pieces of an automobile. Today one factory can produce one car in a minute. Today, too, it takes only one textile worker to supervise the production of as much cotton cloth as 4,000 workers could have produced in the eighteenth century. Modern industry needs large numbers of specialized workers. The less specialized workers are gradually being replaced by new machines. Large quantities of raw materials, sometimes brought from halfway around the world, are also needed. To work the machines, energy must be supplied from sources such as coal, waterpower, electricity and oil. And to build, maintain and improve modern factories, great financial resources are necessary. A factory is often the property of a society or a government, rather than the property of one person. material for enriching land (para. 3)
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Horses are also able to learn many things too. Horses that are used for guard or police duty must learn never to be frightened of noises, traffic, and other disturbance. Racing horses are able to run much faster than other horses, but they are also quite high strung. Therefore, it is necessary for people who train them to be very patient and understanding. Pigeons have a natural instinct to return home, even if they are very far away and the trip is hard or dangerous. Men utilize this homing instinct to send messages on small pieces of paper that are fastened to the pigeon’s back or legs. In wartime, pigeons have been known to fly as fast as 75 miles an hour and to cover distances of 500 to 600 miles. These homing pigeons begin their training when they are about four weeks old. After a few weeks they can begin flying and carrying messages. If all goes well, their flying career lasts about four years. Animals can learn to do many things that, while not necessarily useful, are very amusing to watch. In circuses, animals are taught to do the tricks that are most compatible with their physical and temperamental make-up. Lions and tigers can be taught to leap and spring gracefully when told to do so, or to stay in place on command. Elephants learn to walk in line, to stand on their hind legs, to lie on their sides, and to stand on their head. They can also learn to dance. Another trainer had an elephant and a tiger, who after many weeks of living in the same cage,h became accustomed to each other. Then the tiger was taught to jump on the elephant’s back. Both animals became so interested in the act (as well as the praise and food they re-ceived after the act) that they forgot they were natural enemies. Later a lion was added to the act. This also took a lot of training. However, when the three animals grew accustomed to each other they made a most successful circus act. Cinema and television use trained animals too. Some animals, such as skunks and foxes, are easy to film. All you have to do is to make a trail in front of the camera by dragging something that smells good to the animals over the ground. Big animals, such as lions and tigers, can be photographed as they bound happily back to their families and dinner. If a movie actor is nearby, the well-trained animal will pay no attention to him. However, the audience may imagine that the actor escaped a terrible death by the skin of his teeth. Lions and tigers can be taught to ______.
Are you among those who are eager to lose weight As some people are crazy about keeping fit nowadays, different fitness methods are practiced in order to control their weight. However, some methods do not work and can even be dangerous. Let’s find out the truth about some fitness myths together. Many people want to get and keep fit. Their intention is good, but the methods they use sometimes are not. During the past years, directions like "eat less to lose weight" have been regarded as good advice and have been spread widely. But in fact, such fitness methods are unhealthy—and even dangerous. Unfortunately, many people want to lose weight so badly that they will believe any advice—good or bad. Here are four of the most common myths about getting and keeping fit. "If I just eat less, I will lose weight." Many people only focus on the amount of food they take in each day. They don’t pay attention to what they’re eating. So they may be eating less, but they’re not eating healthily. Be sure to eat a good balance of different foods, including vegetables, fruits, meat, milk, and bread or rice. What you eat is just as important as how much you eat. "Running is all the exercise I need to lose weight." You need aerobic exercise to burn off your extra fat. But that alone doesn’t help you get and keep fit. You must also lift weights to build muscle. You need both to get the most effective results. "If I build muscle, I will gain weight." This is true. Muscle is denser than fat, so the same amount weighs more. But muscle also takes up less space. When you replace fat with muscle, you will look thinner and better. "The miracle diets on TV will help me lose weight." These ads promise a miracle solution for losing weight. But usually the products don’t live up to their promises and can even be dangerous. Don’t waste your money on them. What is the best way to get and keep fit Eat healthily and have a good balance of aerobic and muscle building exercises. Make your healthy lifestyle last for a whole lifetime, not just for a short while. Miracle diets on TV ______.
In a competitive economy, the consumer usually has the choice of several different brands of the same product. Yet underneath their labels, the products are often nearly identical. One manufacturer’s toothpaste tends to differ from another’s. Thus manufacturers are confronted with a problem—how to keep sales high enough to stay in business. Manufacturers solve this problem by advertising. They try to appeal to consumers in various ways. In fact, advertisements may be classified into three types according to the kind of appeals they use. One type of advertisement tries to appeal to the consumer’s reasoning mind. It may offer a claim that seems scientific. For example, it may say the dentists recommend Flash toothpaste. In selling a product, the truth of the advertising may be less important than the appearance of truth. A scientific approach gives the appearance of truth. Another type of advertisement tries to amuse the potential buyer. Products that are essential boring, such as insecticide, are often advertised in an amusing way. One way of doing this is to make the products appear alive. For example, the advertisers may personify cans of insecticide, and show them attacking mean-faced bugs. Ads of this sort are silly, but they also tend to be amusing. Advertisers believe that consumers are likely to remember and buy products that the consumers associate with fun. Associating the product with something pleasant is the technique of the third type of appeal. In this class are ads that suggest that the product will satisfy some basic human desires. One such desire is the wish to be admired by other people. Many automobile advertisements are in this category. They imply that other people will admire you, may even be jealous, when they see you driving the hot, new Aardvark car. Another powerful desire to which advertisements appeal is the desire for love. Thus ads for bandages are unlikely to emphasize the way the bandages are made or their low cost; instead, the ads may show a mother tenderly binding up and then kissing her small boy’s cut finger. In the picture there is an open package of Ouch Bandage. The advertiser hopes the consumer will mentally insert an equal sign to create the equation "Ouch Bandage=Love". One only needs to look through a magazine or watch an hour of TV in order to see examples of these three different advertising strategies. A scientific approach in ads may ______.
Directions: Scan the following passage and find the words which have roughly the same meanings as those given below. The number in the brackets after each word definition refers to the number of paragraph in which the target word is. Write the word you choose on the Answer Sheet.(1)About three hundred years ago, there were approximately half a billion people in the world. In the two centuries that followed the population doubled, and, by 1850, there were more than a billion people in the world. It took only 75 years for the figure to double once more, so that now the population figure stands at approximately six and one half billion. Each day the population of the world increases by about 150,000. (2) In former centuries the population grew slowly. Famines, wars, and epidemics, such as the plague and cholera, killed many people. Today, although the birth rate has not changed significantly, the death rate has been lowered considerably by various kinds of progress. (3) Thus, at the same time that the industrial revolution made it possible to produce goods more cheaply and more quickly in factories, and agricultural revolution also took place. Instead of leaving fields empty every third year, farmers began to plant clover or some other crops that would enrich the soil. Instead of using only animal fertilizer, farmers began to use chemical fertilizers to keep the soil rich. These methods have enabled French farmers, for example, to get five times as much wheat as was obtained from the same land two centuries ago. (4) At the same time, constant progress has been going on in industry. Fifty years ago it took a day to assemble the pieces of an automobile. Today one factory can produce one car in a minute. Today, too, it takes only one textile worker to supervise the production of as much cotton cloth as 4,000 workers could have produced in the eighteenth century. Modern industry needs large numbers of specialized workers. The less specialized workers are gradually being replaced by new machines. Large quantities of raw materials, sometimes brought from halfway around the world, are also needed. To work the machines, energy must be supplied from sources such as coal, waterpower, electricity and oil. And to build, maintain and improve modern factories, great financial resources are necessary. A factory is often the property of a society or a government, rather than the property of one person. an extreme scarcity of food (para. 1)
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