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High Stress May Damage Memory According to a report issued in May 1998, elderly people who have consistently high blood levels of cortisol don’t score as well on memory tests as their peers with lower levels of the stress hormone. What’s more, high levels of cortisol are also associated with shrinking of the hippocampus, a region of the brain that plays a key role in learning and memory. The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal, "healthy" range can actually acceIerate brain aging. The study results "now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans", write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield of the University of Kentucky in Lexington in their editorial. Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress by the adrenal glands, which sit on top of the kidneys. Over a 5 to 6-year period. Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers, most of whom were in their 70s. Despite wide variation in cortisol levels, the participants could be divided into three subgroups: those whose cortisol progressively increased over time and was currently high (increasing/high); those whose cortisol progressively increased over time and was currently moderate (increasing/moderate); and subjects whose cortisol decreased, but was currently moderate (decreasing/moderate). The researchers tested the volunteers’ memory on six people in the increasing/high category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group. The groups did not differ on tests of immediate memory, but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group. The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group, although there were no differences in other brain regions. The results suggest that " ... brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenal hormones that are not generally regarded as pathological and that variation within this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging," write Porter and Landfield. "This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of hippocampus. \ According to the article, when people feel too worried or nervous or when they overwork,______.
Hypertension is the medical term for persistent and sustained high blood pressure. It is one of the most (51) forms of heart disease. An understanding of blood pressure in (52) , healthy individuals is necessary in order to understand hypertension.Blood pressure is simply the force (53) against the walls of the body’s arteries (血管) as blood flows through. The force, produced primarily by the pumping (54) of the heart, is essential for the (55) of the blood and its life-supporting nutrients(营养) to all parts of the body. Every time the heart (56) , called a systole, blood pressure increases. When the heart relaxes (57) beats(diastole), the pressure decreases. The normal systolic pressure of a person at vest is between 100 to 140, and the normal diastole is 60 to 90. Blood-pressure readings are expressed by both (58) , with the systolic over the diastolic: for example, 140/90.As these ranges suggest, there is a wide (59) of blood pressure for healthy people. Also, blood pressure (60) for healthy people during different times of the day and under different. (61) . It is lower when an individual is asleep than when he is excited or exerting himself physically. Therefore, a single blood-pressure reading above 140/90 does not (62) abnormality. When the pressure is continuously (63) , a person is considered to be suffering from hypertension.Hypertension is a stealthy(隐秘的) problem: a physician can discover it easily enough, but not a patient. (64) elevations, for example, may produce headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and weakness. But the patient is not likely to (65) these symptoms as having any other source than the increased elevation. 51（）
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Hypertension is the medical term for persistent and sustained high blood pressure. It is one of the most (51) forms of heart disease. An understanding of blood pressure in (52) , healthy individuals is necessary in order to understand hypertension.Blood pressure is simply the force (53) against the walls of the body’s arteries (血管) as blood flows through. The force, produced primarily by the pumping (54) of the heart, is essential for the (55) of the blood and its life-supporting nutrients(营养) to all parts of the body. Every time the heart (56) , called a systole, blood pressure increases. When the heart relaxes (57) beats(diastole), the pressure decreases. The normal systolic pressure of a person at vest is between 100 to 140, and the normal diastole is 60 to 90. Blood-pressure readings are expressed by both (58) , with the systolic over the diastolic: for example, 140/90.As these ranges suggest, there is a wide (59) of blood pressure for healthy people. Also, blood pressure (60) for healthy people during different times of the day and under different. (61) . It is lower when an individual is asleep than when he is excited or exerting himself physically. Therefore, a single blood-pressure reading above 140/90 does not (62) abnormality. When the pressure is continuously (63) , a person is considered to be suffering from hypertension.Hypertension is a stealthy(隐秘的) problem: a physician can discover it easily enough, but not a patient. (64) elevations, for example, may produce headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and weakness. But the patient is not likely to (65) these symptoms as having any other source than the increased elevation. 54（）
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