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On July 12, 1993, a young professor of American history named Frederick Jackson Turner stood up to speak. The scene was the American History Congress at the Chicago World’s Fair. (62) His paper was titled "The significance of the Frontier in American History." Turner had a new idea. (63) And many historians who heard him recognized that he had come upon a simple theory that seemed right.To Turner, the frontier was one of the most powerful forces shaping the American character. He pointed out that the frontier was a place for new beginnings, a place where men and women could build new lives. Thus, the frontier represented hope and opportunity to Americans. Turner also pointed out that these new lives on the frontier were shaped by tile hardships of surviving in the wilderness. Thus, life on the frontier produced determination in Americans and made them believe in the value of work. (64)According to Turner’s theory, the frontier was a place where everyone had to struggle equally hard. (65) Thus, frontier life helped shape the American ideal of equality, independence, and democracy. According to Turner’s theory, the frontier was a place where everyone had to struggle equally hard.
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药物作用开始快慢取决于（）
A．脂水分配系数与毒效应B．分离度与毒效应C．挥发度和蒸气压与毒效应D．分散度与毒效应E．纯度与毒效应 化合物经皮肤吸收，脂溶性越高其毒性越大（）
A sick or injured person can obtain medical care in several different places. These include provider practices such as medical offices and clinics, hospitals and nursing homes.There are about 200,000 medical offices, clinics, and other provider practices in the United States. Earlier in the 20th century most physicians were single people working in their own offices or in partnership with another doctor. Patients visited the office, received an examination or other service, and paid a fee. This traditional fee-for-service medicine has been declining. Many physicians now practice in groups where they share the same offices and equipment with other doctors. Group practices may combine primary care physicians, several kinds of specialists, laboratories, and equipment for diagnosing disease. Physicians who practice in a group reduce their own expenses and provide patients with a wider range of services.Many doctors are joining with hospitals, insurance companies, and industrial employers to provide managed care for groups of patients. These plans manage to avoid unnecessary services and reduce costs. Rather than taking a fee from each patient, managed care physicians may receive an annual salary from a fixed sum for each patient.Patients who are too sick for care in a doctor’s office go to a hospital. Hospitals offer Patients 24-hour care from a staff of health professionals. They provide services not available elsewhere, such as major surgery, child birth, and intensive care for the critically ill. Hospital care is the most expensive form of health care. Efforts to control health care costs have emphasized reducing the number of patients admitted to hospitals and their length of stay. During the 1980s and 1990s, these efforts led to the closing of more than 600 hospitals.Patients who need long-term medical care because of advanced age or chronic illness may stay in a nursing home. The United States has about 23,000 nursing homes with about 1.3 million patients. "Physicians who practice in a group reduce their own expenses and provide patients with a wider range of services." in this sentence "expenses" can be explained as（）
In its most extreme form, poverty is a lack of basic human needs, such as adequate and nutritious food, clothing, housing, clean water, and health services. Extreme poverty can cause terrible suffering and death, and even poverty can prevent people from realizing many of their desires. The world’s poorest people--many of whom live in developing areas of Africa, Asia, Latin America. and Eastern Europe--struggle daily for food, shelter, and other necessities. They often suffer from severe malnutrition(营养不良), infectious disease outbreaks, famine, and war. In wealthier countries--such as the United States, Canada, Japan, and those in Western Europe--the effects of poverty may include poor nutrition, mental illness, drug dependence, crime, and high rates of disease.Extreme poverty, which threatens people’s health or lives, is also known as destitution or absolute poverty. Relative poverty is the condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society or county, or compared to worldwide averages.The reasons for poverty are not clear. Some people believe that poverty results from a lack of adequate resources on a global level--resources such as land, food, and building materials--that are necessary for the well-being or survival of the world’s people. Other see poverty as an effect of the uneven distribution Of resources around the world on an international or even regional scale. This second line of reasoning helps explain why many people have much more than they need to live in comfort, while many others do not have enough resources to live. It can be inferred from the passage that（）
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