题目内容
Yet multiple authorship—however good it may be in other ways--presents problems for journals and for the institutions in which these authors work. For the journals, long lists of authors are hard to deal with in themselves. But those long lists give rise to more serious questions when something goes wrong with the paper. If there is research misconduct, how should the liability be allocated among the authors？ If there is an honest mistake in one part of the work but not in others, how should an evaluator aim his or her review？
Various practical or impractical suggestions have emerged during the long-standing debate on this issue. One is that each author should provide, and the journal should then publish, an account of that author's particular contribution to the work. But a different view of the problem, and perhaps of the solution, comes as we get to university committee on appointments and promotions, which is where the authorship rubber really meets the road. Half a lifetime of involvement with this process has taught me how much authorship matters. I have watched committees attempting to decode sequences of names, agonize over whether a much-cited paper was really the candidate's work or a coauthor's, and send back recommendations asking for more specificity about the division of responsibility.
Problems of this kind change the argument, supporting the case for asking authors to define their own roles. After all, if quality judgments about individuals are to be made on the basis of their personal contributions, then the judges better know what they did. But if questions arise about the validity of the work as a whole, whether as challenges to its conduct or as evaluations of its influence in the field, a team is a team, and the members should share the credit or the blame.
According to the passage, there is a tendency that scientific papers ______
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Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
听力原文： I'd like to share with you today my experience with a new approach to building a house. It's called Envelop Building. Essentially, what it means is that as you are building a house, you try to leave the landscape feature on the land, especially the vegetation in the original condition. So what you are not doing is the usual practice of land-scraping. By which I mean literally scraping or cleaning the land of any and all the original plants. Why is the approach called Envelop Building？ Because instead of clearing everything away, you let your original landscape elements envelop or surround your house. Let the vegetation physical features such as hills and slopes or interesting rock formations, constituted a significant part of the character of the braiding sight. The design of the house should take these features of the property into account. Actually integrating your original wild landscape with a house is not that new. The famous American architect Wright was doing it about 65 years ago, So we are in good company. Envelop Building is not as easy as it sounds though. It's not just that you build your house and leave the land alone. By building, you are already damaging the original landscape. But as architects, we should try to work with environment, not against it. A creative architect can find ways to incorporate natural landscape into the overall design. For example, Wright used the massive boulders on the side of one of the most famous houses as part of the house foundation.
(27)
A．It will allow fewer trees to be cut.B．It will require less labor costs.C．It saves so
听力原文：W: OK, Mr. Taylor, let's go ahead and begin. First of all, tell me about your last job.
M: Well, as stated on my resume, I worked for five years at Hi Tech Computers.
W: OK, Hi Tech. And what do you know about computer networks and operating systems including DOS, Windows, Macintosh OS, and UNIX？
M: Umm...well...I did come in contact with computers every night at my last job.
W: Hum...And how about web site authoring skills？ We are looking for someone to create and manage our company's web site which would include the development, configuration, and use of DOS, Windows, Macintosh OS, and CGI scripts.
M: Umm...uh, web page, web page. Huh...I don't think I've read that book, and Fm afraid I've never used those CGI things.
W: Huh？! And what about experience with Java or JavaScript？
M: Well...I think I've tried Java at a foreign coffee shop one time, if that's what you mean.
W: OK, Mr. Taylor, I think I have all the information I need!
M: Oh, and I really like computer games. I play them every day.
W: Right, right. Thanks Mr. Taylor.
M: Believe me. I have confidence in myself.
W: I see. We'll be in touch.
(23)
In recent years a new farming revolution has begun, one that involves the 【B1】______ of life at a fundamental level--the gene. The study of genetics has 【B2】______ a new industry called biotechnology. As the name suggests, It 【B3】______ biology and modern technology through such techniques as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies specialize in agriculture and are working feverishly to 【B4】______ seeds that give a high yield, that 【B5】______ diseases, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for 【B6】______ chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most 【B7】______ . But some have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops.
In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain 【B8】______ . A rose can be crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato. Genetic engineering, 【B9】______ usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another 【B10】______ to transfer a desired characteristic. This could mean, for example, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with anti-freeze 【B11】______ from an artic fish, and inserting it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. 【B12】______ , then, biotechnology allows humans to 【B13】______ the genetic wails that separate species.
Like the green revolution, 【B14】______ some call the gene revolution contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity--some say even more so 【B15】______ geneticists can employ techniques such as cloning and 【B16】______ culture (培养), processes that produce perfectly 【B17】______ copies. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new 【B18】______ , such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. "We are flying blindly into a new 【B19】______ of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential 【B20】______ " said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.
【B1】______
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