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Adult Education
1 Voluntary learning in organized courses by mature men and women is called adult education. Such education is offered to make people able to enlarge and interpret their experience as adults. Adults may want to study something which they missed in earlier schooling, get new skills or job training,find out about new technological developments, seek better self-understanding, or develop new talents and skills.
2 This kind of education may be in the form. of self-study with proper guidance through the use of libraries, correspondence courses, or broadcasting. It may also be acquired collectively in schools and colleges, study groups, workshops, clubs and professional associations.
3 Modern adult education for large numbers of people started in the 18th and 19th centuries with the rise of the Industrial Revolution. Great economic and social changes were taking place: people were moving from rural areas to cities; new types of work were being created in an expanding factory system. These and other factors produced a need for further education and re-education of adults.
4 The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the 1790s, with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanics&39; institution in Glasgow.
Benjamin Franklin and some friends found the earliest adult education institution in the U.S.in Philadelphia in 1727.
5 People recognize that continued learning is necessary for most forms of employment today.
For example, parts of the adult population in many countries find it necessary to take part in retraining programs at work or even to learn completely new jobs. Adult education programs are springing up constantly to meet these and other need.
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Disease, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
Disease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions. There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.
In order to treat a disease, the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness--that is, make a diagnosis. A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together.
The doctor must know the symptoms, which are the changes in body function felt by the patient;and the signs (also called objective symptoms) which the doctor himself can observe. Sometimes a characteristic group of signs (or symptoms) accompanied a given disease. Such a group is called a syndrome. Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis.
Although nurses do not diagnose, they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs, encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms, and then reporting this information to the doctor. Once the patient&39;s disorder is known, the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy. Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician&39;s orders.
In recent years physicians, nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention. Throughout most of medical history, the physician&39;s aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease. However, the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens -- to keep people well through the promotion of health. A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization (WHO)on an international level down to local private and community health programs. A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health--physical and mental.
By disease it means the condition in which one or more parts of the body fail to function properly. 查看材料
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