题目内容
We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is some 7—8 hours’ sleep alternating with some 16—17 hours’ wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. The question is no more academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night, is a question of growing importance in industries where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industries where shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and soon. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work. This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work, the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice. According to the passage, what is the ideal way to solve the nigh[ shift problem
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We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is some 7—8 hours’ sleep alternating with some 16—17 hours’ wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. The question is no more academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night, is a question of growing importance in industries where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industries where shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and soon. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work. This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work, the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.
It was the single, strangely spiraled tusk that first alerted scientists. Sticking out of the ice covered by Siberian soil, like an ivory tombstone, it revealed the. presence of a true scientific wonder: underneath lay the frozen body of a mammoth. The discovery has presented researchers with an unprecedented challenge--to move to laboratory, a mammoth’s entire, undisturbed body where it can be analyzed at leisure and its biological secrets revealed. Last week, scientists completed the first stage of this remarkable transfer, using a helicopter to lift a twenty-three-ton block of ice and mammoth to a new site where defrosting can be started. As one of the team, Dutch paleontologist Dick Mol put it, "It’s very exciting. I’ve been working on mammoths for more than 25 years, and this is a dream for me—to find the soft parts and touch them and even smell them." In particular, the discovery and recovery of the 23,000-year-old body has raised speculation that it may be possible to clone a mammoth from one of its cells. Could the same process used to clone Dolly the sheep be attempted with a mammoth, using an elephant as a surrogate mother It is certainly an enticing prospect. Herds of woolly mammoths grazing the pastures of the world’s many natural parks would be a mighty attraction, and a massive triumph for modem science, showing it could even resurrect eradicated species. Extinction would no longer be forever. Mammoths once roamed the world’s northern hemisphere until they abruptly disappeared. Some. scientists argue that as the last Ice Age ended, the world went through major ecological changes, and these large woolly mammals found life awkward, sweaty and unaccommodating. No longer able to compete for resources, they became extinct. What is the main idea of the passage
Diogenes was the founder of the creed called Cynicism (the word means "doggishness"); he spent much of his life in the rich, lazy, corrupt Greek city of Corinth, mocking and satirizing its people, and occasionally converting one of them. He was not crazy. He was a philosopher who wrote plays and poems and essays expounding his doctrine; he talked to those who cared to listen; he had pupils who admired him. But he taught chiefly by example. All should live naturally, he said, for what is natural is normal and cannot possibly be evil or shameful. Live without conventions, which are artificial and false; escape complexities and superfluities and extravagance; only so can you live a free life. The rich man believes he possesses his big house with its many rooms and its elaborate furniture, his pictures and his expensive clothes, his horses and his servants and his bank accounts. He does not. He depends on them, he worries about them, he spends most of his life’s energy looking after them; the thought of losing them makes him sick with anxiety. They possess him. He is their slave. In order to procure a quantity of false, perishable goods he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence. Diogenes thought most people were only half-alive, most men only half-men. At bright noonday he walked through the market place carrying a lighted lamp and inspecting the face of everyone he met. They asked him why. Diogenes answered, "I am trying to find a man." To a gentleman whose servant was putting on his shoes for him, Diogenes said, "You won’t be really happy until he wipes your nose for you; that will come after you lose the use of your hands." And so he lived—like a dog, some said, because he cared nothing for privacy and other human conventions, and because he showed his teeth and barked at those whom he disliked. Now he was lying in the sunlight, as contented as a dog on the warm ground, happier than the Shah of Persia. Although he knew he was going to have an important visitor, he would not move. What did Diogenes really want to express in the third paragraph
We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is some 7—8 hours’ sleep alternating with some 16—17 hours’ wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. The question is no more academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night, is a question of growing importance in industries where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industries where shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and soon. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work. This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work, the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice. Which of the following statements is NOT tame
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