passage twoA controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting incriminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a patternseen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNAis present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNAfingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, suchas to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father ofa particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminalinvestigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses. DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigationsby giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to trove guilt, not just establishinnocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect iscompared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found atthe scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict asuspect. The controversy in 1998 stemmed form a report published in December 1991 by populationgeneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartlcalled into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNAfingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current methodcannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they camefrom the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members ofthe same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods areadequate. In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University ofTexas in Dallas and Kenneth K.Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enoughdata are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. InJanuary 1998, however, the federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNAtests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples form various ethnic groups in anattempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a National Academy of Sciences calledfor strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories. Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects____.

A. would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations
B. would have to submit evidence for their innocence
C. could easily escape conviction of guilt
D. cold be convicted of guilt as well