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案例分析题Sociology is a social science that studies (1) societies, their interactions, and the processes that (2) and change them. It does this by (3) the dynamics of constituent parts of societies (4) as institutions, communities, populations, and gender, racial, (5) age groups. Sociology also studies social status (6) stratification, social movements, and social change, as (7) as societal disorder in the form of (8) , deviance, and revolution.Social life overwhelmingly regulates (9) behaviour of humans, largely because humans lack (10) instincts that guide most animal behaviour. Humans (11) depend on social institutions and organizations to (12) their decisions and actions. Given the important (13) organizations play in influencing human action, it (14) sociology’s task to discover how organizations affect (15) behaviour of persons, how they are established, (16) organizations interact with one another, how they (17) , and, ultimately, how they disappear. Among the (18) basic organizational structures are economic, religious, educational, (19) political institutions, as well as more specialized (20) such as the family, the community, the military, peer groups, clubs, and volunteer associations. (5) age groups. Sociology also studies social status （） stratification
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案例分析题President George W. Bush布什总统George W. Bush is the 43rd President of the United States. He was sworn into office on January 20, 2001, re-elected on November 2, 2004, and sworn in for a second term on January 20, 2005. Prior to his Presidency, President Bush served for 6 years as the 46th Governor of the State of Texas, where he earned a reputation for bipartisanship and as a compassionate conservative who shaped public policy based on the principles of limited government, personal responsibility, strong families, and local control.President Bush was born on July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut, and grew up in Midland and Houston, Texas. He received a bachelor’s degree in history from Yale University in 1968, and then served as an F-102 fighter pilot in the Texas Air National GuarD．President Bush received a Master of Business Administration from Harvard Business School in 1975. Following graduation, he moved back to Midland and began a career in the energy business. After working on his father’s successful 1988 Presidential campaign, President Bush assembled the group of partners who purchased the Texas Rangers baseball franchise in 1989.On November 8, 1994, President Bush was elected Governor of Texas. He became the first Governor in Texas history to be elected to consecutive 4-year terms when he was re-elected on November 3,1998.Since becoming President of the United States in 2001, President Bush has worked with the Congress to create an ownership society and build a future of security, prosperity, and opportunity for all Americans. He signed into law tax relief that helps workers keep more of their hard-earned money, as well as the most comprehensive education reforms in a generation, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. This legislation is ushering in a new era of accountability, flexibility, local control, and more choices for parents, affirming our Nation’s fundamental belief in the promise of every chilD．President Bush has also worked to improve healthcare and modernize Medicare, providing the first-ever prescription drug benefit for seniors; increase homeownership, especially among minorities; conserve our environment; and increase military strength, pay, and benefits. Because President Bush believes the strength of America lies in the hearts and souls of our citizens, he has supported programs that encourage individuals to help their neighbors in need．On the morning of September 11,2001, terrorists attacked our Nation. Since then, Preaident Bush has taken unprecedented steps to protect our homeland and create a world free from terror. He is grateful for the service and sacrifice of our brave men and women in uniform and their families. The President is confident that by helping build free and prosperous societies, our Nation and our friends and allies will succeed in making America more secure and the world more peaceful.President Bush is married to Laura Welch Bush, a former teacher and librarian, and they have twin daughters, Barbara and JennA．The Bush family also includes two dogs, Barney and Miss Beazley, and a cat, Willie. George W. Bush firmly believes that the strength of America lies in（）
案例分析题Sociology is a social science that studies (1) societies, their interactions, and the processes that (2) and change them. It does this by (3) the dynamics of constituent parts of societies (4) as institutions, communities, populations, and gender, racial, (5) age groups. Sociology also studies social status (6) stratification, social movements, and social change, as (7) as societal disorder in the form of (8) , deviance, and revolution.Social life overwhelmingly regulates (9) behaviour of humans, largely because humans lack (10) instincts that guide most animal behaviour. Humans (11) depend on social institutions and organizations to (12) their decisions and actions. Given the important (13) organizations play in influencing human action, it (14) sociology’s task to discover how organizations affect (15) behaviour of persons, how they are established, (16) organizations interact with one another, how they (17) , and, ultimately, how they disappear. Among the (18) basic organizational structures are economic, religious, educational, (19) political institutions, as well as more specialized (20) such as the family, the community, the military, peer groups, clubs, and volunteer associations. It does this by (3) the dynamics of constituent parts of societies （） as institutions, communities
案例分析题The Federal Government联邦政府The ConstitutionWhen America broke away from Britain in 1775, she did not adopt a British Constitution. The British have always had an unwritten constitution, whereas every item of the American Constitution is clearly written down and numbered, and can only be changed by a two-thirds majority vote of Congress.Yet in their different ways, the American and British forms of government did have one thing in common. They were both democratiC．As for American society, it was more democratic than British society, in that it paid less attention to class or wealth.Political PartiesThere are two major political parties in the USA, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The policies of the two parties are not basically opposed to one another. Inside both parties there moderates and right-wringers, though the Democrats still have the reputation of being somewhat more liberal than the Republicans. Voters are influenced by family traditions, but there are plenty of ordinary people who vote according to their hopes, fears and beliefs.There are no other political parties that can compete with the two big parties, though there are occasionally independents who stand for the presidency and manage to collect quite a few votes. There are no left-wing parties. Most Americans are in favor of free enterprise, believing that it may one day help them fulfill the American Dream.The President and CongressThe President of the USA has more power than any other president in the democratic world- except the French President. It is he who formulates foreign policy and prepares laws for the home front. He is leader of the nation and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. He represents the USA and, since the USA is a super power, the eyes of the whole world are on him. The fate of the world is in his hands, or so many people believe, and one careless, ill-prepared speech by him could precipitate a crises.Actually, a great deal of the President’s power is controlled by Congress, the American name for "parliament". It is Congress that declares war, not the President. Unlike the Prime Minister of Great Britain, or of Germany, he can make a treaty with a foreign power. But this treaty must be debated and agreed by Congress before it comes into force. The same control applies to laws at home. Congress has (on several occasions) refused to ratify treaties or given approval to laws proposed by the President. The USA is the only country, apart from France, where a president can rule with a parliament, the majority of whose members do not belong to his own political party.Some Americans have the feeling that idealism has gone out of politics and that personal ambition and money have taken its place. The election campaign fro the Presidency is unique in the amount of money poured into it. The wooing of voters lasts for months. But before the campaign for the election of the President can begin, each political party has to choose its candidate for the Presidency. This can lead to some very close contests. Men aspiring to be elected as the party candidate employ top public relations and advertising men, who invent clever catch phrases and set about "selling" their man. There are whistle stop tours by train, by plane, by car. The candidate delivers countless speeches and shakes countless hands. This razzamatazz typifies American enthusiasm and extravagance.Big money is necessary to support a presidential candidate’s campaign and the candidate himself must be rich enough to pay his share. An attractive wife is an advantage, too. Money is also needed to become the Governor of a state, or a successful Senator, or member of the House of Representatives. Yet from this small group many excellent men have become President, and the same is true of members of Congress.It is very unlikely that the President could ever become a dictator. Congress, the press and the people between them rule out such a possibility.The Supreme CourtPerhaps the most effective safeguard of democracy is the Supreme Court, for one of its objects is to protect the individual against the government. It has the authority to cancel a law which it considers violates the Constitution. The Court sits for at least four days a week and any individual who has a grievance against the government can apply to it for help.The Supreme Court goes way back to 1787, the days of the Founding Fathers, and is one of the cornerstones of American democracy. It gives judgement in disputes between States, or between a State and the Federal Government, and without invitation can declare a law made by Congress to be unconstitutional. The great Jefferson, who drew up the Declaration of Independence, saw to it, too, that there was a Bill of Rights which every American could thrust under the nose of anyone who tries to rob him of his freedom as a democratic citizen. The President represents the USA and one careless, and ill-prepared speech would（）
案例分析题Rising Prices Cause House "Apartheid"涨价导致房屋的“种族隔离”The Government has admitted that soaring house prices have left people on average incomes, such as teachers and nurses, locked out of buying their first homes across large parts of southern England, including London and most of the South East.A spokeswoman for the Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott, admitted last night that there was now an effective "housing apartheid", with people in their own homes pulling further and further away from those yet to get on the property ladder.With house prices rising at between 15 and 20 percent a year, incomes, which are rising at between 5 and 10 percent a year, cannot keep up."Increasing housing supply is a national priority. In large areas of the wider South East, house purchase remains out of reach for families with average household incomes," the official said．A new report out tomorrow will reveal the full scale of the housing crisis. The study by Cambridge University for the housing charity Shelter reveals that the Government will need to spend ￡3.5 billion a year to solve the housing problem.More than 50,000 new homes are needed every year to help people on lower incomes to have their own homes. By 2014 a city the size of Leeds will need to be built.Critics point out that, without the money, millions of people employed in the public sector will be unable to move to the South East to fill vacancies.Without a new influx of staff, many hospitals and schools say that they will struggle to maintain standards. The Government is now expected to announce a package of measures in the Budget to try to help first-time buyers. The Treasury is considering raising the point at which people have to pay stamp duty, a tax paid on every house purchase.The present threshold of ￡60,000 has remained unchanged since 1993, despite house prices increasing by 160 percent in that time.Gordon Brown, the Chancellor, faces being accused of maintaining the threshold as a way of raising more tax because as house prices rise more and more people are dragged into paying the surcharge. More than 75 percent of all first-time buyers now pay the tax."The Government has to act," said Adam Sampson , the director of Shelter. The lack of affordable housing has a destabilising effect on the economy and its cost in human terms is massive."Successive governments have spoken about the growing housing crisis. It has now got to the point where it cannot be ignored any longer. Housing should be given the same priority as the other key areas of public life, health and education. "The report says that more than three-quarters of all new homes are needed in the South of England, with about 20 percent in the North and the Midlands.Shelter’s figures on housing demand will form the basis of a Treasury review of housing to be published at the time of the Budget next week. The review, by Kate Barker, is likely to say that tens of thousands of new houses are needed and that planning restrictions should be relaxed so that housing developments can be built more easily.She will also criticise a culture of nimbyism which has crept into many, particularly rural, towns. Many local communities block new housing even though it is desperately needed．A study released this weekend by the Halifax revealed that first-time buyers cannot get on to the property ladder in 80 percent of towns and cities across the country. The bank said that areas were classed as "unaffordable" if first-time buyers needed to borrow more than 4.27 times the local average salary to buy a home.By that calculation, 100 percent of towns and cities in East Anglia were out of reach of first- time buyers, while 98 percent of towns and cities in the South West were unaffordable.The Government is set to announce large amounts of extra funding for house building in the Budget. By 2006 the amount spent will have increased by ￡900 million, or 25 percent.There will also be a ￡5 billion pot of money provided for affordable housing by 2006. We can learn from the passage that culture of nimbyism’means（）
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