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The Popularity of EnglishⅠ. Present status of EnglishA. English as a native/first languageB. English as a lingua franca: a language for communicationamong people whose（1）are differentC. Number of people speaking English as a first or a second language:— 320—380 million native speakers— 250—（2）million speakers of English as a secondLanguageⅡ. Reasons for the popular use of EnglishA. （3）reasons— the Pilgrim Fathers brought the language to America;— British settlers brought the language to Australia;— English was used as a means of control in（4）B. Economic reasons— spread of（5）— language of communication in the international business communityC. （6）in international travel— use of English in travel and tourism— signs in airports— language of announcement— language of（7）D. Information exchange— use of English in the academic world— language of（8）or journal articlesE. Popular culture— pop music on（9）— films from the USAⅢ. Questions to think aboutA. Status of English in the futureB. （10）of distinct varieties of English 8（）
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The desire to use language as a sign of national identityis a very natural one, and in result language has played a (1) ______prominent part in national moves. Men have often felt the (2) ______need to cultivate a given language to show that they aredistinctive from another race whose hegemony they resent. (3) ______At the time the United States split off from Britain, for (4) ______example, there were proposals that independence should belinguistically accepted by the use of a different language from (5) ______those of Britain. There was even one proposal that Americans (6) ______should adopt Hebrew. Others favoured the adoption ofGreek, though, as one man put it, things would certainly besimpler for Americans if they stuck on to English and made (7) ______the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone knows, the (8) ______two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory solutionof carrying with the same language as before. (9) ______Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown (10) ______the world that political independence and national identitycan be complete without sacrificing the enormous mutualadvantages of a common language. 4（）
直接贸易可以间接运输，转口贸易也可以直接运输。( )
But, as has been true in many other cases, when they were at last married, the most ideal of situations was found to have been changed to the most practical. Instead of having shared their original duties, and as school-boys would say, going halves, they discovered that the cares of life had been doubled. This led to some distressing moments for both our friends; they understood suddenly that instead of dwelling in heaven they were still upon earth, and had made themselves slaves to new laws and limitations. Instead of being freer and happier than ever before, they had assumed new responsibilities; they had established a new household, and must fulfill in some way or another the obligations of it. They looked back with affection to their engagement; they had been longing to have each other to themselves, apart from the world, but it seemed they never felt so keenly that they were still units in modern society.
TEXT CIn Barcelona the Catalonians call them castells, but these aren’t stereotypical castles in Spain. These castles are made up of human beings, not stone. The people who perform this agile feat of acrobatics are called castellers, and to see their towers take shape is to observe a marvel of human cooperation.First the castellers form what looks like a gigantic rugby scrummage. They are the foundation blocks of the castle. Behind them, other people press together, forming outward-radiating ramparts of inward-pushing muscle: flying buttresses for the castle. Then sturdy but lighter castetlers scramble over the backs of those at the bottom and stand, barefoot, on their shoulders—then still others, each time adding a higher "story".These human towers can rise higher than small apartment buildings: nine "stories", 35 feet into the air. Then, just when it seems this tower of humanity can’t defy gravity any longer, a little kid emerges from the crowd and climbs straight up to the top. Arms extended, the child grins while waving to the cheering crowd far below.Dressed in their traditional costumes, the castellers seem to epitomize an easier time, before Barcelona became a world metropolis and the Mediterranean’s most dynamic city. But when you observe them up close, in their street clothes, at practice, you see there’s nothing easy about what the castellers do—and that they are not merely reenacting an ancient ritual.None of the castellers can give a logical answer as to why they love doing this. But Victor Luna, 16, touches me on the shoulder and says in English: "We do it because it’s beautiful. We do it because we are Catalan."Barcelona’s mother tongue is Catalan, and to understand Barcelona, you must understand two words of Catalan: seny and rauxa. Seny pretty much translates as common sense, or the ability to make money, arrange things, and get things done. Rauxa is reminiscent of our words "raucous" and "ruckus".What makes the castellers revealing of the city is that they embody rauxa and seny. The idea of a human castle is rauxa—it defies common sense—but to watch one going up is to see seny in action. Success is based on everyone working together to achieve a shared goal.The success of Carlos Tusquets bank, Fibanc, shows seny at work in everyday life. The bank started as a family concern and now employs hundreds. Tusquets said it exemplifies how the economy in Barcelona is different.Entrepreneurial seny demonstrates why Barcelona and Catalonia—the ancient region of which Barcelona is the capital—are distinct from the rest of Spain yet essential to Spain’s emergence, after centuries of repression, as a prosperous, democratic European country. Catalonia, with Barcelona as its dynamo, has turned into an economic powerhouse. Making up 6 percent of Spain’s territory, with a sixth of its people, it accounts for nearly a quarter of Spain’s production—everything from textiles to computers—even though the rest of Spain has been enjoying its own economic miracle.Hand in hand with seny goes rauxa, and there’s no better place to see rauxa in action than on the Ramblas, the venerable, tree-shaded boulevard that, in gentle stages, leads you from the centre of Barcelona down to the port. There are two narrow lanes each way for cars and motorbikes, but it’s the wide centre walkway that makes the Ramblas a front-row seat for Barcelona’s longest running theatrical event. Plastic armchairs are set out on the sidewalk. Sit in one of them, and an attendant will come and charge you a small fee. Performance artists throng the Ramblas—stilt walkers, witches caked in charcoal dust, Elvis impersonators. But the real stars are the old women and happily playing children, millionaires on motorbikes, and pimps and women who, upon closer inspection, prove not to be.Aficionados (Fans) of Barcelona love to compare notes: "Last night there was a man standing on the balcony of his hotel room," Mariana Bertagnolli, an Italian photographer, told me, "The balcony was on the second floor. He was naked, and he was talking into a cell phone."There you have it, Barcelona’s essence. The man is naked (rauxa), but he is talking into a cell phone (seny). From the description in the passage, we learn that（）
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