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在碱性条件下水解，生成托品和消旋托品酸的药物是
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单价合同工程量清单所列工程数量是指（）。
The amount of sunlight reaching Earth’s surface appears to be growing. The phenomenon, which some dub "global brightening," (1) scientists with a puzzle. If the (2) is real and global, how long will it last and what are the consequences for climate change, the planet’s water cycle, and other (3) that draw energy from sunlight (4) , the answer might seem obvious: More sunlight reaching the ground in a warming world means that temperatures will get warmer (5) Not so fast, some researchers say. Additional warming would be certain (6) nothing else in the climate system changes. And the climate system is (7) static. Some combinations of changes could reinforce the heating; others could (8) it. Unraveling these interactions and forecasting their course require an accurate accounting of the sunlight reaching the surface and the (9) the surface sends skyward. Moreover, researchers say, measurements of the sun’s strength at Earth’s surface are potentially powerful tools for (10) human influences on the climate.Earth’s radiation "budget" (11) an "extremely important parameter that is (12) known," says Robert Charlson, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington at Seattle. "It needs to be (13) much better than it is." (14) about the amount of sunlight reaching Earth’s surface were first raised in 1974. Researchers from the United States and Israel recorded a 12% drop (15) sunlight over 40 years at a (16) station in the southern Sinai Peninsula. Since then, others have used a variety of techniques to try to track (17) sunlight. Three years ago, for example, a (18) led by Beate Liepert at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory gathered data from ground (19) around the world and found that solar radiation reaching the surface fell (20) 4% from 1961 to 1990. Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1.13（）
Text 2Saudi Arabia, the oil industry’s swing producer, has become its flip-flopper. In February, it persuaded OPEC to cut its total production quotas by lm barrels per day (bpd), to 23.5m, as a precaution against an oil-price crash this spring. That fear has since been replaced by its opposite. The price of West Texas crude hit $40 last week, its highest since the eve of the first Iraq war, prompting concerns that higher oil prices could sap the vigour of America’s recovery and compound the frailty of Europe’s. On Monday May 10th, Ali al-Naimi, Saudi Arabia’s energy minister, called on OPEC to raise quotas, by at least 1.5m bpd, at its next meeting on June 3rd.Thus far, the high oil price has been largely a consequence of good things, such as a strengthening world economy, rather than a cause of bad things, such as faster inflation or slower growth. China’s burgeoning economy guzzled about 6m bpd in the first quarter of this year, 15% more than a year ago, according to Goldman Sachs. Demand was also strong in the rest of Asia, excluding Japan, growing by 5.2% to 8. lm bpd. As the year progresses, the seasonal rhythms of America’s drivers will dictate prices, at least of the lighter, sweeter crudes. Americans take to the roads en masse in the summer, and speculators are driving up the oil price now in anticipation of peak demand in a few months’ time.Until recently, the rise in the dollar price of oil was offset outside America and China by the fall in the dollar itself. But the currency has regained some ground in recent weeks, and the oil price has continued to rise. Even so, talk of another oil-price shock is premature. The price of oil, adjusted for inflation, is only half what it was in December 1979, and the United States now uses half as much energy per dollar of output as it did in the early 1970s. But if oil cannot shock the world economy quite as it used to, it can still give it "a good kick", warns Goldman Sachs. If average oil prices for the year come in 10% higher than it forecast, it reckons CDP growth in the Group of Seven (CT) rich nations will be reduced by 0.3%, or $70 billion.The Americans are certainly taking the issue seriously. John Snow, their treasury secretary, called OPEC’s February decision "regrettable", and the rise in prices since then "not helpful". Washington pays close heed to the man at the petrol pump, who has seen the average price of a gallon of unleaded petrol rise by 39 cents in the past year. And the Saudis, some mutter, pay close heed to Washington.Besides, the high oil price may have filled Saudi coffers, but it has also affronted Saudi pride. Mr. al-Naimi thinks the high price is due to fears that supply might be disrupted in the future. These fears, he says, are "unwarranted". But the hulking machinery in the Arabian desert that keeps oil flowing round the world presents an inviting target to terrorists should they tire of bombing embassies and nightclubs. On May 1st, gunmen killed six people in a Saudi office of ABB Lummus Global, an American oil contractor. Such incidents add to the risk premium factored into the oil price, a premium that the Saudis take as a vote of no confidence in their kingdom and its ability to guarantee the supply of oil in the face of terrorist threats. What does the author mean by "... has become its flip-flopper" (ParA．1)（）
Text 1It might take only the touch of peach fuzz to make an autistic child howl in pain. The odour of the fruit could be so overpowering that he gags. For reasons that are not well understood, people with autism do not integrate all of their senses in ways that help them understand properly what they are experiencing. By the age of three, the signs of autism— infrequent eye contact, over-sensitivity or over—sensitivity to the environment, difficulty mixing with others—are in full force. There is no cure; intense behavioural therapies serve only to lessen the symptoms.The origins of autism are obscure. But a paper in Brain, a specialist journal, casts some light. A team headed by Marcel Just, of Carnegie Mellon University, and Nancy Minshew, of the University of Pittsburgh, has found evidence of how the brains of people with autism function differently from those without the disorder.Using a brain-scanning technique called functional magnetic-resonance imaging (FMRI), Dr. Just, Dr. Minshew and their team compared the brain activity of young adults who had "high- functioning" autism (in which an autiat’s IQ score is normal) with that of non-autistic participants. The experiment was designed to examine two regions of the brain known to be associated with language—Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area—when the participants were reading.Three differences emerged. First, Wernicke’s area, the part responsible for understanding individual words, was more active in autists than non-autists. Second, Broca’s area—where the components of language are integrated to produce meaning—was less active. Third, the activity of the two areas was less synchronised.This research has led Dr. Just to offer an explanation for autism. He calls it "underconnectivity theory". It depends on h recent body of work which suggests that the brain’s white matter (the wiring that connects the main bodies of the nerve cells, or grey matter, together) is less dense and less abundant in the brain of an autistic person than in that of a non-autist. Dr. Just suggests that abnormal white matter causes the grey matter to adapt to the resulting lack of communication. This hones some regions to levels of superior ability, while others fall by the wayside.The team chose to examine Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas because language-based experiments are easy to conduct. But if the underconnectivity theory applies to the rest of the brain, too, it would be less of a mystery why some people with autism are hypersensitive to their environments, and others are able to do certain tasks, such as arithmetic, so well. And if it is true that underconnectivity is indeed the main problem, then treatments might be developed to stimulate the growth of the white-matter wiring. Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph（）
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