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In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.TEXT A It is possible for students to obtain advanced degree in English while knowing little or nothing about traditional scholarly methods. The consequences of this neglect of traditional scholarship are particularly unfortunate for the study of women writers. If the canon--the list of authors whose works are most widely taught--is ever to include more women, scholars must be well trained in historical scholarship and textual editing. Scholars who do not know how to read early manuscripts, locate rare books, establish a sequence of editions, and so on are lacking in crucial tools for revising the canon. To address such concerns, an experimental version of the traditional scholarly methods course was designed to raise students’ consciousness about the usefulness of traditional learning for any modern critic or theorist. To minimize the artificial aspects of the conventional course, the usual procedure of assigning a large number of small problems drawn from the entire range of historical periods was abandoned, though this procedure has the obvious advantage of at least superficially familiarizing students with a wide range of reference sources. Instead students were engaged in a collective effort to do original work on a neglected eighteenth century writer, Elizabeth Griffith, to give them an authentic experience of literary scholarship and to inspire them to take responsibility for the quality of their own work. Griffith’s work presented a number of advantages for this particular pedagogical purpose. First, the body of extant scholarship on Griffith was so tiny that it could be all read in a day, thus students spent little time and effort mastering the literature and had a clear field for their own discoveries. Griffith’s play--The Platonic Wife exists in three visions, enough to provide illustrations of editorial issues but not too many for beginning students to manage. In addition, because Griffith was successful in the eighteenth century, as her continued productivity and favorable reviews demonstrate, her exclusion from the canon and virtual disappearance from literary history also helped raise issues concerning the current canon. The range of Griffith’s work meant that each student could become the world’s leading authority on a particular Griffith text. For example, a student studying Griffith’s Wife in the Right obtained a first edition of the play and studied it for some weeks. This student was suitably shocked and outraged to find its title transformed into A Wife in the Night in Watt’s Bibliotheca Britannica. Such experiences, inevitable and common in working on a writer to whom so little attention has been paid serve to vaccinate the student--I hope for a lifetime--against credulous use of reference sources. What is the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole

A. It summarizes the benefits students can derive from the experimental scholarly methods course.
B. It provides additional reasons why Griffith’s works raises issues having to do with the canon of authors.
C. It provides an illustration of the immediate nature of the experiences students can derive from the experimental scholarly methods course.
D. It contrasts the experience of a student in the experimental scholarly methods course with the experience of a student in the traditional course.

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Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on your ANSWER SHEET. Many critics consider that far more stress is placed on achievements in athletics than in the academic sphere. We’re told that it’s (31) to compel boys with no athletic (32) to spend hours of misery on the playground, when, if (33) to themselves, they would occupy their time far more usefully in some (34) hobby. The (35) to this argument, no doubt, (36) the simple assumption that every non-athlete has some good hobby. It’s not true; (37) even if it were, other hobbies are no substitute for being out, exercising the muscles and having (38) with our human beings. (39) the youthful idolizing of athletes, which tends to upset a boy’s (40) of values and may do (41) harm to the objects of this hero-worship, (42) a very different matter.The schoolboy (43) may suffer through being surrounded at an early age with feint (44) of artificial light. From preparatory school to university his career is a (45) procession. Then he becomes a future legend, one of the great products of the school that is proud to call him her son although (46) may have taught him nothing except to play football. Not until he hangs up his (47) does he realize his true value--or the lack of it. It’d be better for everybody if this artificial glory were (48) from games at an early stage. For some devotees, sport is kind of religion, the sporting spirit is the finest attitude to face life, since its possessor is very conscious of his obligation to the (49) . The truth is that games have practically no effect on character. Games afford an opportunity for showing the spirit within; they are a (50) for virtue or for vice. It’s for this reason that we should value them.

A. live
B. left
C. fight
D. leaving

Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on your ANSWER SHEET. Many critics consider that far more stress is placed on achievements in athletics than in the academic sphere. We’re told that it’s (31) to compel boys with no athletic (32) to spend hours of misery on the playground, when, if (33) to themselves, they would occupy their time far more usefully in some (34) hobby. The (35) to this argument, no doubt, (36) the simple assumption that every non-athlete has some good hobby. It’s not true; (37) even if it were, other hobbies are no substitute for being out, exercising the muscles and having (38) with our human beings. (39) the youthful idolizing of athletes, which tends to upset a boy’s (40) of values and may do (41) harm to the objects of this hero-worship, (42) a very different matter.The schoolboy (43) may suffer through being surrounded at an early age with feint (44) of artificial light. From preparatory school to university his career is a (45) procession. Then he becomes a future legend, one of the great products of the school that is proud to call him her son although (46) may have taught him nothing except to play football. Not until he hangs up his (47) does he realize his true value--or the lack of it. It’d be better for everybody if this artificial glory were (48) from games at an early stage. For some devotees, sport is kind of religion, the sporting spirit is the finest attitude to face life, since its possessor is very conscious of his obligation to the (49) . The truth is that games have practically no effect on character. Games afford an opportunity for showing the spirit within; they are a (50) for virtue or for vice. It’s for this reason that we should value them.

A. support
B. comment
C. drawback
D. supposition

TEXT B Cultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we never recognize the assumptions on which their lives and their sanity rest. As one observer put it, if birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water. For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every fact. Human beings, in a similarly way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically employed. So much so that they rarely notice that the ways they interpret and talk about events are distinctively different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures. As long as people remain blind to the sources of their meanings, they are imprisoned within them. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched. Whether it is an individual neurosis that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors, or a collective neurosis that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others. It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own experiential worlds. Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrum of events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism. But, in fact, few attain this broader vision. Some, of course, have little opportunity for wider cultural experience, though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates. Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar, seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values. Still others recoil from such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Exposure may reveal how tenuous and arbitrary many cultural norms are; such exposure might force people to acquire new bases for interpreting events. And even for the many who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings with whom they are capable of communicating there are still difficulties. Cultural myopia persists not merely because of inertia and habit, but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome. One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood, long before he is capable of comprehending either of them. To survive, each person masters the perceptual orientations, cognitive biases, and communicative habits of his own culture. But once mastered, objective assessment of these same processes is awkward since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations. The passage might be entitled" ______ ".

A. How to Overcome Cultural Myopia
Behavioral Patterns and Cultural Background
C. Harms of Cultural Myopia
D. Cultural Myopia--A Deep-rooted Collective Neurosis

Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on your ANSWER SHEET. Many critics consider that far more stress is placed on achievements in athletics than in the academic sphere. We’re told that it’s (31) to compel boys with no athletic (32) to spend hours of misery on the playground, when, if (33) to themselves, they would occupy their time far more usefully in some (34) hobby. The (35) to this argument, no doubt, (36) the simple assumption that every non-athlete has some good hobby. It’s not true; (37) even if it were, other hobbies are no substitute for being out, exercising the muscles and having (38) with our human beings. (39) the youthful idolizing of athletes, which tends to upset a boy’s (40) of values and may do (41) harm to the objects of this hero-worship, (42) a very different matter.The schoolboy (43) may suffer through being surrounded at an early age with feint (44) of artificial light. From preparatory school to university his career is a (45) procession. Then he becomes a future legend, one of the great products of the school that is proud to call him her son although (46) may have taught him nothing except to play football. Not until he hangs up his (47) does he realize his true value--or the lack of it. It’d be better for everybody if this artificial glory were (48) from games at an early stage. For some devotees, sport is kind of religion, the sporting spirit is the finest attitude to face life, since its possessor is very conscious of his obligation to the (49) . The truth is that games have practically no effect on character. Games afford an opportunity for showing the spirit within; they are a (50) for virtue or for vice. It’s for this reason that we should value them.

A. applications
B. boots
C. professions
D. resigns

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