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Text 3Lately social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found just in humans, or if some animals have culture too. When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life a group of people have in common Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn. It is the patterns of behavior that help people to live together. It is also the patterns of behavior that make one group of people different from another group.Our culture lets us make up for having lost our strength, claws, long teeth, and other defenses. Instead, We use tools, cooperate with one another, and communicate in language. But these aspects of human behavior, or "culture", can also be found in the lives of certain animals.We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing line between human beings and other animals. Lately, however, we have found that this is not the case. Chimpanzees can not only use tools but actually make tools themselves. This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object and using it. For example, chimps have been seen stripping the leaves and twigs off a branch, then putting it into a termite nest. When the termites bite at the stick, the chimp removes it and eats them off the end--not unlike our use of a fork!For some time we thought that although human beings learned their culture, animals couldn’t be taught such behavior. Or even if they could learn, they would not teach one another in the ;ay people do. This too has proven to be untrue. A group of Japanese monkeys was studied at the Kyoto university Monkey Centre in Japan. They were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island. One day a young female began to wash her sweet potato to get rid of the sand. This practice soon spread through out the group. It became, learned behavior, not ’from humans but from other monkeys. Now almost all monkeys who have not come into contact with this group do not. Thus we have a "cultural" difference among animals.We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior. We have also ruled out learning and sharing of behavior. Yet we still have held out the last feature--language. But even the use of language can no longer separate human culture from animal culture. Attempts to teach apes to speak have failed. However, this is because apes do not have the proper vocal organs. But teaching them language has been very successful if we are willing to accept another forms rather than just the spoken word. Two psychologists trained a chimpanzee named Washoe to use Standard American Sign Language. This is the same language used by deaf people. In this language, "talk" is made through gestures, and not by spelling out words with individual letters. By the time she was five years old, Washoe had a vocabulary of 130 signs. Also, she could put them together in new ways that had not been taught her originally. This means she could create language and not just copy it. She creates her own sentences that have real meaning. This has allowed two-way talk. It permits more than one-way command and response.Of course, there are limits to the culture of animals. As far as we know, no ape has formed social institutions such as religion, law, or economics. Also, some chimps may be able to learn sign language; but this form of language is limited in its ability to communicate abstract ideas. Yet with a spoken language we can communicate our entire culture to anyone else who knows that language. Perhaps the most important thing we have learned from studies of other animals is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage（）
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“我们敢说日常所见的人中，9/10都是他们的教育所决定的。”这一观点出自洛克的( )。
Text 1On 5th December, 1945, five bombers from a United States Naval Air Station left Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on a routine training flight over the Atlantic Ocean, east of Florida. A short time later the base received radio messages from the bombers (Flight 19) saying that they were lost. Then radio contact was broken. The flight didn’t return, and the planes that were sent to look for the bombers also fail to return. A massive search operation was mounted, but no trace of the missing planes or their pilots was found. They had simply and inexplicably disappeared.This event was sufficient to confirm in many people’s minds that the so-called "Devil’s Triangle", or "Bermuda Triangle"-- a section of the North Atlantic bounded roughly by Bermuda, Florida and Puerto Rico--really was haunted, and in some mysterious way was responsible for the loss of ships and planes. In all, in this area (3,900,000 square kilometres) of open sea, more than 50 ships and 20 planes have mysteriously disappeared. These include the U. S. Navy ship Cyclops in 1918 and the merchant vessel Marine Sulphur Queen in 1963. In the same year two U. S. Air Force KC 135 planes also disappeared without trace. In other words, it is not only small boats and planes that have vanished in the area, but the most modern and best equipped too.Perhaps the most dramatic shipping loss in ’the area was the U. S. Navy nuclear submarine Scorpion. This vessel, like others before her, disappeared without explanation in May, 1968. Some months later she was found on the bottom of the ocean, but the reason for her loss has not been properly explained.Many theories about the area have been proposed, and whole books have been written on the subject. It has been suggested, for example, that the disappearances are caused by unknown magnetic forces from outer space or from the bottom of the sea. There is also a theory about underwater volcanic action that affects shipping, and another that suggests the lost continent of Atlantis, which according to legend lies somewhere beneath the Atlantic, is involved.However, others state that it is more likely that there is nothing special about this imaginary triangle of water, and that it is a product of Sensational Journalism. After all, ships, Boats and planes are lost at sea in all parts of the world due to weather, mechanical failure or human error, and several of the losses are mysterious. The Marie Celeste, an American cargo boat, for example, was found in 1872 off the coast of Portugal in perfect order but with no crew on board. Their disappearances has never been explained. Did some of them mutiny and then escape Were all the crew killed by some unknown agent Did they try to escape from some danger or other We shall probably never know.However, regardless of the theories which exist about the "Bermuda Triangle", ships, boats and planes continue to travel daily through the area with great frequency, and it has not been proved that a higher percentage of accidents and losses occur in this section of the North Atlantic than in other areas of the world’s oceans. It is mentioned in the passage that（）
Text 4So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family.The antithesis to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not.Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener: or a cobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk a laborer. Which a means can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of coronaries and forget their wives’ birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.What percentage of the population in a modem technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate position of being workers At a guess I would say sixteen percent, and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future.Technology and the division of labor have done two things: by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season to shoot grouse, a season to spend in town, etc. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible. Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be only too, easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drag-taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase" getting one’s teeth into a problem". Whether a job can be classified as labor or work depends on（）
下列电影由蔡楚生导演的是______。( )
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