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You’ll never learn to drive a car if you don’t( practically) ______.
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Today’s lecture is about two powerful natural forces, one destructive, yet the other productive. Tornado (龙卷风) is a typical example of destructive forces in nature. Forces other than damaging winds are also at work inside tornadoes. Sometimes as twisting, screaming wind passes over house, the walls and the ceiling burst apart as if a bomb had gone off inside. This explosion is caused by the low air pressure at the center of a tornado. The pressure at the center of a tornado is usually 13 pounds per square inch. However, inside the house the air pressure is normal, about 15 pounds per square inch. The difference of 2 pounds per square inch between the inside and outside pressure may not seem like much. But suppose a tornado passes over a small building that measures 20 by 10 feet. On each square inch of the building, there is 2 pounds of pressure from the inside that is not balanced by air pressure outside the building. On the ceiling, that adds up to an unbalanced pressure of 57,600 pounds. The pressure on the four walls adds up to 172,800 pounds. If windows are open in the building, some of the inside air will rush out through them. This will balance the pressure inside and outside the building. But ff the windows are shut tightly, the enormous inside pressure may cause the building to burst. Unfortunately, heavy rain and hail often occur in thunderstorms that later produce tornadoes. So people frequently shut all windows to protect their property, which may cause far worse damage later. For the same reason, tornado cellars must have an air opening. Otherwise, the cellar door might be blown out when a tornado passes over it. Even more amazing is the strong force of plants in water evaporation (蒸发). The task of carrying 40 gallons of water up almost 60 feet -- to an apartment on the sixth floor, for instance -- is an undeniably heavy task. And yet it is no more than a full-grown tree does on any warm day. For 400 trees 75 to 90 feet high, the leaves evaporate an average of 20 tons of water on a single day -- equivalent to the capacity of a larger tanker truck. Before this water evaporates it is lifted an average of 80 feet through trunks and branches. Anyone thinks this a trifle would do well to work out how many bucks it would mean, to which floor. Quite an achievement. The surprising thing is that the plants themselves need supply no energy to do this. Everything happens automatically. The evaporation from the leaf surface causes a constant compensatory suction (吸) of water. This suction communicates itself through branch and trunk down into roots. The suction force caused by evaporation from the tiny openings of the leaves is tremendously strong. When, on a dry summer’s day, the surrounding atmosphere has a relative humidity (湿度) of 45 percent, the evaporation suction corresponds to the pull exerted on a rope 3 mm in diameter by a 154-pound man suspended from it! Thus evaporation actually draws the water from the leaves by force, and pulls more water up to replace it. The driving force is the sun and plants make direct use of its energy for water transport. Once again, we see the powerful, unlimited energy in nature. People often dose their windows to prevent damage caused by ______.
Superboost Your Memory I hate it when I forget where I put my car key, or the name of someone I worked with for ten years.., or the title of a movie I saw last night. It’s frustrating and increasingly common as I turned 50. Sound familiar Whether it is forgotten names, misplaced keys, missed appointments or simply not being able to recall something that you know, experts say we don’t have to put up with forgetfulness, and it has nothing to do with age. We can have a great memory well into our 80s and beyond, but only if you are willing to invest some time and energy. "Your memory declines with age only if it’s not used," insists Tony Buzan, a leading expert on memory, who is 61 and says his memory is better than ever. "But you have to work at it." The bonus A better quality of life in your senior years. Research has shown that seniors with a sharp memory and an alert mind are more socially active and participate in a broader range of activities, which in turn helps maintain brainpower and memory in the process. Remarkable Human Capacity Buzan’s interest in memory was first aroused at the University of British Columbia in 1960. On the first day of classes, his English professor recited from memory the entire class list--plus the students’ addresses and phone numbers. (Yes, really.) Indeed, so remarkable is the human capacity for recall that some people have trained themselves to remember the order of playing cards in ten shuffled decks (十副洗乱的牌), 1,000 random digits and 99 new names and faces. These are the mental equivalents of superathletes, and many compete in the annual World Memory Championship. Launched by Buzan in 1991, it has become so popular that the championship has sprung up in countries everywhere. Mnemonic Techniques While most of us won’t need to memorize the order of ten decks of cards, having a reliable memory is important, not only in our personal lives but professionally. So what do the memory champs know that we forgetful people don’t Mnemonics, that’s what. Pronounced ne-MON-iks and rooted in Greek mythology (Mnemosyne was the goddess of memory), these are proven techniques for remembering everything, including names, lists, facts and numbers. And you don’t have to be brilliant nor study for years to see the results. Once you understand the basics and use them regularly, you’ll be on your way to having a better memory and probably faster than you think. There are dozens of mnemonic techniques, but they all boil down to two things: imagination and association, what Buzan calls "the pillars of brain function". Since the brain has difficulty remembering abstract symbols, like names and numbers, the key is to make them memorable by attaching vivid images to them. Henry Evans, a 40-year-old owner of a busy restaurant, learned this simple lesson during a one-day memory course he took to help him remember customers’ names. It worked. "For example, there was one woman who kept coming in, and I could never remember ff her name was Deb or Cathy," says Evans. "After I took the course, I started picturing a web over her head -- a web over Deb. I never forgot her name again." So even though one of the easiest ways to improve memory may sound obvious, it’s important. The most common reason healthy adults forget is that they fail to focus. Distractibility can account for memory problem no matter what your age. Working in our favor, say the experts, is the’ fact that the mind naturally strives to make connections between things that aren’t naturally associated. Harnessing this natural tendency, then exaggerating the image using your imagination so it’s unforgettable, is the key to memory. Roman Room System One of the most popular techniques is the Roman Room System (the Romans developed their own mnemonic techniques based on Greek research). It’s helpful because, after names and faces, forgetting objects is one of the biggest categories of forgetfulness. The idea is to use the rooms in your house or sites in your neighborhood -- anything you know really well -- as links on which to mentally hang things you want to remember. Let’s say you don’t want to forget three things you need to pick up: flour, milk and bread. Picture walking through your front door and there’s flour thrown all over the shoes on the rack. Proceed to your living room and imagine milk spilled on your Persian carpet. Continue down the hall and picture slices of bread glued on the wall. The more ridiculous the images, the quicker the recall. Once you have done this, take a mental walk-through of your home to help with the memorization process. Since these elaborate pictures -- which you. create in seconds -- have sprung from your own imagination, they are much harder to forget. The Brain Functions in Recall Process Scientists don’t known for sure how the process for recall occurs in the brain, but American psychologist Roger Sperry established in 1981 that two sides of the brain deal with different functions. The right side focuses on pattern recognition, music, emotion and creativity, while the left deals with order, sequence, logic and language. The study of music helps the study of math, for example, and the study of rhythm helps the study of languages. Now scientists know that the more people use both sides of their brain, the more each benefits the other. And a person with an excellent memory uses both sides of the brain. The way memory works is complex, still an emerging science. What happens in my brain if I run into a woman in the grocery store whose name I can’t recall The experts explain: Seeing this woman activates my hippocampus, the brain’s command center for creating new memories. It immediately begins to form impressions based on the woman’s characteristics, such as hair color, height, clothing and manners. To look for any of these same impressions, the hippocampus’s neurons (神经元) -- tiny nerve cells that act as transmitters -- start connecting and activating other teams of neurons located in my cortex (大脑皮层),where long-term memories are stored. Together they search for any stored pieces of information on the woman. If her name can’t be located, other regions of cortex will be called into service. They’ll go back to my hippocampus to brainstorm together, and hopefully come up with the woman’s name. If they don’t, it’s time for me to work on my memory-boosting techniques a bit more. A Few More Tips One of the most critical factors for a good memory is first believing it’s possible. But we tend to be psychologically self-defeating. Remembering names is the perfect example of defeatist we can be. How many times have you heard someone say, "I’m so bad with names" Most people give up even trying to remember names because they figure they can’t. The following are the tricks suggested by the memory-experts: ·Decide you actually want to remember someone’s name. ·Get the name right. Listen to it, look at the person’s face and say the name to yourself, creating a mental connection. ·Remember the face and look closely for distinguishing features. If a Carol you meet has an angelic face, frame her in your mind with a halo (光环), or think, "Christmas Carol" (圣诞颂歌). ·Picture the person in another setting. Imagine them on a beach or swinging from a tree. ·Rhyme the name, if possible. It also helps to make connections between unconnected thing. Next time you park your car in a busy lot, create an image of the surrounding environment. This will create a memorable map with your car fixed in it. Ever since I started learning about mnemonics and paying attention to what I want to remember, I’ve noticed a huge improvement. I especially like to use Roman Room system, which has greatly shrunk my dependence on reminder notes. The experts are right: It’s really not that hard to remember things once you know how. Sure, writing a list doesn’t take long, but nowadays -- just in seconds -- I’m giving my brain cells some essential exercise. The author tells the story of Henry Evans imagining a web over the head of an customer to illustrate the use of a basic mnemonic technique.
Superboost Your Memory I hate it when I forget where I put my car key, or the name of someone I worked with for ten years.., or the title of a movie I saw last night. It’s frustrating and increasingly common as I turned 50. Sound familiar Whether it is forgotten names, misplaced keys, missed appointments or simply not being able to recall something that you know, experts say we don’t have to put up with forgetfulness, and it has nothing to do with age. We can have a great memory well into our 80s and beyond, but only if you are willing to invest some time and energy. "Your memory declines with age only if it’s not used," insists Tony Buzan, a leading expert on memory, who is 61 and says his memory is better than ever. "But you have to work at it." The bonus A better quality of life in your senior years. Research has shown that seniors with a sharp memory and an alert mind are more socially active and participate in a broader range of activities, which in turn helps maintain brainpower and memory in the process. Remarkable Human Capacity Buzan’s interest in memory was first aroused at the University of British Columbia in 1960. On the first day of classes, his English professor recited from memory the entire class list--plus the students’ addresses and phone numbers. (Yes, really.) Indeed, so remarkable is the human capacity for recall that some people have trained themselves to remember the order of playing cards in ten shuffled decks (十副洗乱的牌), 1,000 random digits and 99 new names and faces. These are the mental equivalents of superathletes, and many compete in the annual World Memory Championship. Launched by Buzan in 1991, it has become so popular that the championship has sprung up in countries everywhere. Mnemonic Techniques While most of us won’t need to memorize the order of ten decks of cards, having a reliable memory is important, not only in our personal lives but professionally. So what do the memory champs know that we forgetful people don’t Mnemonics, that’s what. Pronounced ne-MON-iks and rooted in Greek mythology (Mnemosyne was the goddess of memory), these are proven techniques for remembering everything, including names, lists, facts and numbers. And you don’t have to be brilliant nor study for years to see the results. Once you understand the basics and use them regularly, you’ll be on your way to having a better memory and probably faster than you think. There are dozens of mnemonic techniques, but they all boil down to two things: imagination and association, what Buzan calls "the pillars of brain function". Since the brain has difficulty remembering abstract symbols, like names and numbers, the key is to make them memorable by attaching vivid images to them. Henry Evans, a 40-year-old owner of a busy restaurant, learned this simple lesson during a one-day memory course he took to help him remember customers’ names. It worked. "For example, there was one woman who kept coming in, and I could never remember ff her name was Deb or Cathy," says Evans. "After I took the course, I started picturing a web over her head -- a web over Deb. I never forgot her name again." So even though one of the easiest ways to improve memory may sound obvious, it’s important. The most common reason healthy adults forget is that they fail to focus. Distractibility can account for memory problem no matter what your age. Working in our favor, say the experts, is the’ fact that the mind naturally strives to make connections between things that aren’t naturally associated. Harnessing this natural tendency, then exaggerating the image using your imagination so it’s unforgettable, is the key to memory. Roman Room System One of the most popular techniques is the Roman Room System (the Romans developed their own mnemonic techniques based on Greek research). It’s helpful because, after names and faces, forgetting objects is one of the biggest categories of forgetfulness. The idea is to use the rooms in your house or sites in your neighborhood -- anything you know really well -- as links on which to mentally hang things you want to remember. Let’s say you don’t want to forget three things you need to pick up: flour, milk and bread. Picture walking through your front door and there’s flour thrown all over the shoes on the rack. Proceed to your living room and imagine milk spilled on your Persian carpet. Continue down the hall and picture slices of bread glued on the wall. The more ridiculous the images, the quicker the recall. Once you have done this, take a mental walk-through of your home to help with the memorization process. Since these elaborate pictures -- which you. create in seconds -- have sprung from your own imagination, they are much harder to forget. The Brain Functions in Recall Process Scientists don’t known for sure how the process for recall occurs in the brain, but American psychologist Roger Sperry established in 1981 that two sides of the brain deal with different functions. The right side focuses on pattern recognition, music, emotion and creativity, while the left deals with order, sequence, logic and language. The study of music helps the study of math, for example, and the study of rhythm helps the study of languages. Now scientists know that the more people use both sides of their brain, the more each benefits the other. And a person with an excellent memory uses both sides of the brain. The way memory works is complex, still an emerging science. What happens in my brain if I run into a woman in the grocery store whose name I can’t recall The experts explain: Seeing this woman activates my hippocampus, the brain’s command center for creating new memories. It immediately begins to form impressions based on the woman’s characteristics, such as hair color, height, clothing and manners. To look for any of these same impressions, the hippocampus’s neurons (神经元) -- tiny nerve cells that act as transmitters -- start connecting and activating other teams of neurons located in my cortex (大脑皮层),where long-term memories are stored. Together they search for any stored pieces of information on the woman. If her name can’t be located, other regions of cortex will be called into service. They’ll go back to my hippocampus to brainstorm together, and hopefully come up with the woman’s name. If they don’t, it’s time for me to work on my memory-boosting techniques a bit more. A Few More Tips One of the most critical factors for a good memory is first believing it’s possible. But we tend to be psychologically self-defeating. Remembering names is the perfect example of defeatist we can be. How many times have you heard someone say, "I’m so bad with names" Most people give up even trying to remember names because they figure they can’t. The following are the tricks suggested by the memory-experts: ·Decide you actually want to remember someone’s name. ·Get the name right. Listen to it, look at the person’s face and say the name to yourself, creating a mental connection. ·Remember the face and look closely for distinguishing features. If a Carol you meet has an angelic face, frame her in your mind with a halo (光环), or think, "Christmas Carol" (圣诞颂歌). ·Picture the person in another setting. Imagine them on a beach or swinging from a tree. ·Rhyme the name, if possible. It also helps to make connections between unconnected thing. Next time you park your car in a busy lot, create an image of the surrounding environment. This will create a memorable map with your car fixed in it. Ever since I started learning about mnemonics and paying attention to what I want to remember, I’ve noticed a huge improvement. I especially like to use Roman Room system, which has greatly shrunk my dependence on reminder notes. The experts are right: It’s really not that hard to remember things once you know how. Sure, writing a list doesn’t take long, but nowadays -- just in seconds -- I’m giving my brain cells some essential exercise. Roman Room System is a most popular technique that is particularly helpful for the memory of such abstract symbols as words, names and numbers.
某大型运输企业下设陆运中心和水运中心，分别从事陆运和水运业务。 陆路运输中心的车辆资产如下： (1)年初拥有自重10吨的载重汽车30辆；自重6吨的挂车22辆；自重10吨的客货两用车12辆，其中有1辆自用。 (2)因业务扩张需要，2011年6月购进进口高档小轿车10辆营运，海关审定的关税完税价格为30万/辆，并当月办理车辆登记手续。 水路运输中心的船舶资产如下： 年初拥有净吨位3000吨的机动船18艘，税额为5元/吨；净吨位1900吨的机动船8艘，税额为4元/吨；净吨位180吨的非机动驳船10艘，税额为3元/吨。 (说明：该企业所在地载货汽车年税额60元/吨，载客汽车年税额600元/辆。小轿车关税税率20%，消费税税率5%。) 要求：根据以上资料，按照下列序号计算回答问题，每问需计算合计数。 该企业水运中心应缴纳的车船税。
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