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Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage. According to the Encyclopedia of Stress, "stress" is one of the most frequently used but ill-defined words in the English language. We say we’re stressed when we’re late for work and when we can’t pay our bills. We laugh about the stress of the holidays and cry over the stress of a divorce. Even an ostensibly (表面上) happy occasion — such as the birth of a child — can be stressful. The encyclopedia defines stress as a "real or interpreted threat to the physiological and psychological integrity of an individual that results in physiological and/or behavioral responses". In other words, stress is any change in your world that evokes some reaction from you. If you’re a neatness nut, having 10 people staying in your house for a long weekend could be incredibly stressful; but if you don’t mind chaos and clutter, then let the fun begin. If you thrive on to-do lists and deadlines, a week with absolutely nothing to do and nowhere to go could make you crazy; another person might feel positively reborn. "People talk about stress as though it’s a bad thing," says stress researcher Catherine M-Stoney, Ph.D., a psychology professor at Ohio State University, "but stress exists inside us. It’s really the interaction between what’s in our environment and how we cope and deal with it." Stress is often linked to a short-lived event, such as an argument. But it can be prolonged as well in fact, the persistent yet subtle pressures of modern-day living are an ever-increasing — yet harder to diagnose — cause of stress. Doctors identify three main classes of stress: Acute stress. This is the most common form, stemming from the demands and pressures of the recent past and the anticipated demands and pressures of the near future, such as a fast-approaching deadline. Episodic acute stress. People in this category move from one episode of acute stress to another. Typically they live lives filled with chaos and crisis. They take on too much, they’re always running late, and their homes are filled with clutter. They never seem to slow down, are quick to anger and, not coincidentally, have higher rates of heart disease. Chronic stress. This is the subtler, prolonged stress — often linked to large life issues — that wears you down every day. It exists in the background of your daily routine. You become so used to it, you don’t even know it’s there anymore. If you take on too much but never slow down, you are likely to have______.
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Passage Two Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage. Panic attack victims show the following symptoms: they often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations where people normally would not be afraid; they suffer from shortness of breath, dizziness or lightheadedness; they experience chest pains, a quick heartbeat and a tingling (刺痛) in the hands; they have a choking feeling, faintness, sudden fits of trembling, a feeling that persons and things are not real; and most of all, a fear of dying or going crazy. A person seized by a panic attack may show all or as few as four of these symptoms. There has been a lot of inference as to the causes of panic attack. Both laymen and experts alike claim that psychological strain could be a logical cause, and it seems that there is some grain of truth in this because the fast pace of life and people’s confused schedules subject them to a lot of pressure, sufficient to provoke panic attacks. However, this assumption has yet to be substantiated by scientific findings. Studies show that more women than men experience panic attacks, most likely because women have greater responsibility to the family in matters of discharging household duties as well as supervising the children; let alone the pressure of work on working mothers. Studies also show that people who take large quantities of alcohol, and those who take marijuana (大麻) or other related drugs, and those who drink beverages containing large amounts of caffeine have more inclinations to panic attacks. It is generally accepted that a panic attack does not directly endanger a person’s life. All the same, it can unnecessarily disrupt a person’s life by making him or her so afraid that he or she will have a panic attack in a public place that he or she may refuse to leave home and may eventually become isolated from the rest of society. Dr. Crocker’s advice to a person who thinks he is suffering from panic attacks is to consult a doctor for a medical check-up to rule out the possibility of physical illness first. Once it has been confirmed that he or she is, in fact, suffering from panic attacks, the victim should seek psychological and medical help. By saying "let alone the pressure of work on working mothers," (Line 8, Para. 2) the author means they ______.
Networked Automobile I’m driving through eastern France, the blip-blip of the lane markers running backward through my peripheral (边缘的) vision at about 90mph. I check the mirrors: nothing there. Pretending to doze off; I let the car drift gently to the left. Just as it begins to change its direction towards the dotted line, the left side of my seat vibrates, activated by an infrared (红外线的) sensor looking at the road paint. I can assure you that the buzzing seat would have jolted (摇晃) me back to the job at hand. The car I’m driving is a prototype from the French automaker Peugeot Citroen, but a showroom-ready copy isn’t many months away. Flash back five months: I’m at a test track at the base of Mount Fuji in Japan, in a Lexus fitted with a pre-crash safety system. I drive down the track at about 40mph toward a rubber post. Instinct and education make it hard to keep my foot off the brake, but a group of earnest engineers insist that I aim their $70,000 sedan straight for the post. At the last fraction of a second, when the car’s radar sensors and microprocessors have determined that the idiot at the wheel really isn’t going to steer around the obstacle, the safety system shoots into action. Seatbelt pretensioners cinch up (系紧), and the front and rear suspension dampers stiffen. As soon as I touch the brake pedal — better late than never — the car’s brake-assist tugs them on at max effort. It isn’t enough to avoid the crash, but the impact speed is about half what it would have been without the new system. The next generation of environment-sensing cars will use more than just radar and infrared sensors to watch for signs of trouble. Video cameras will look for stoplights that have turned red and for children who are running toward the road. Distance-sensing lasers will check for vehicles in the driver’s blind spot and the passing lane. These sensors won’t do anything that a vigilant (警惕的) driver can’t already do, but what if they could What if your car could sense road conditions and traffic problems that are out of your sight That’s coming too. The next giant leap in sensing will be radio-networking that enables cars to exchange information. "Communication (between cars) will be like an additional sensor," says Ralf Herrtwich, director of vehicle IT research at DaimlerChrysler Car-to-car communication will ensure that your automobiles ahead. And this extra "sensor" will have almost unlimited range, because information can be instantaneously relayed from one vehicle to the next, to the next, and so on. No one doubts the extent of information-gathering and communication features that will be built into the networked cars of the future. Some of these features will merely assist the driver by, for example, pointing out a patch of black ice around the next bend. But what about the driver who fails to act on the warning Should his car be empowered to "take the wheel" Some automotive experts foresee a day when our cars will be so well- informed that we’ll be better off leaving some of the driving to them. Time for another demonstration. It’s Berlin, and I’m in a Smart car, DaimlerChrysler’s tiny two-seater that has become a familiar in Europe’s cramped city streets. But this Smart is different: it’s smart. On the dashboard, a flashing display warns me of an accident two streets away, and the navigation system suggests a detour (绕道). My car, outfitted with a GPS position finder and an off-the-shelf wireless local area network (WLAN) communication system, was informed by another car carrying the same gear. If knowledge is power, then the intellectual-horsepower rating of tomorrow’s vehicles is going to be high. Say just one car’s stability-control system is activated at an unusually slow speed on a highway off-ramp (驶出坡道). It will send out a slippery-road warning. All WLAN-equipped cars in the vicinity then get the message, but they will warn their drivers only if they are headed for the same off-ramp. The system will also provide traffic information on a need-to-know basis. Imagine there is a truck unloading in the next street on your route. It would never make the radio reports, but you could be trapped fuming for 10 minutes. WLAN — "traffic radar", as Herrtwich puts it — will let you know and reroute you. What is really new here is the way traffic will behave almost biologically, like a swarm of bees, a self-educating network. This is a killer apparatus, because it doesn’t require expensive infrastructure. No traffic- control center or information exchange. No need for roadside beacons (指向标) that the authorities would have to install. Instead cars will seamlessly (无线地) set up special networks, passing information from car to car. Virtually all of the necessary hardware is already on the shelf at companies such as Bosch, Delphi and Samsung. What is needed now is the software to tie everything together: sensors, wireless radio networks and GPS navigation systems. Together these technologies create a system that provides immediate warnings of delays, accidents, temporary speed restrictions and road conditions — the everyday hazards that lie in wait just around the comer. And because the system knows exactly where each driver is, it won’t drown drivers in a running commentary about what is happening on the other side of town (unless the other side of town is the destination they have programmed into their navigations systems). Of course, the system will not work well if there aren’t enough vehicles outfitted with the gear. The question is how to reach critical mass. Fortunately, WLAN networks are good for more than just traffic radar; they are also useful for downloading entertainment. "Ten years from now, we are talking about a radically changed way of listening to music, watching TV and videos," Herrtwich says. Once WLAN is adopted for in-car entertainment, the technology could also be used for road-safety and traffic-networking functions. But don’t hold your breath. Technical standards are still a few years away — Herrtwich predicts 2008. If the first networked cars roll out in 2010, such features will not be standard for at least another decade. All kinds of environment-sensors are designed to ______.
Television is now playing a very important part in our life. But television, like other things, has both advantages and disadvantages. Do the former overweigh the latter In the first (62) , television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a (n) (63) cheap one. For a family of four, for example, it is more (64) as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment (65) , than to go out in (66) of other sorts of entertainment (67) . They do not have to pay for expensive seats at the theater, the cinema, or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is (68) . All they have to do is (69) a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to (70) political discussions and the (71) exciting football match. Some people, (72) , maintain that this is precisely where the danger lies. The television viewer (73) no initiative. He makes no choice and exercises no judgment. He is completely (74) and has everything presented to him without any effort (75) his part. Television, it is often said, keeps one (76) about current events, allows one to (77) the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless (78) of programs which are both instructive and (79) . The most distant countries and the strangest customs are brought right into one’s sitting room. (80) here again there is a danger. We get so used to looking at it, so dependent on its sparkling pictures, that it begins to (81) our lives.
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked , and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
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