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· Read the article below about corporate downsizing.· For each question 31-40, write one word in CAPITAL LETTERS. Crazy Downsizing In recent years corporate downsizing has been on the rise throughout the world. Downsizing is reducing costs by dismissing employees and reassigning their duties to the employees who remain. They usually call it restructuring, rightsizing, reallocating resources, or job separation. They sometimes use dieting metaphors like "trimming the fat" "getting lean and mean," or "shedding weight." Whatever the euphemism, employees affected by these practices know what the words mean to them: (31) . And no "kinder, gentler" words can de much to alleviate the anxiety and distress that come (32) losing a job. In their quest to lower costs to stay competitive, companies often wield the ax with little or no regard for the well-being of the people involved. For example, in the past years AT&T have dismissed thousands of managers and employees through (33) , though many of these people have twenty or more years of loyal employment with the firm. Industry analysts assert that if organizations wish to consider themselves responsible, ethical corporate citizens, they must demonstrate concern for their employees, even when they have to tell them they are (34) longer employed. Organizations concerned about easing their employees’ shock and stress at being laid off can do so (35) careful planning and preparation. Effective, honest and timely communication is always important, but when staff reductions are imminent, it becomes critical. Employees who know what is going on can prepare themselves for the inevitable and are much better able to cope when the ax finally does fall. It is sometimes difficult to determine the right thing to do, but many firms are trying. IBM for instance, offers early retirement. AT&T offers job search help and career counseling to displaced employees. Organizations can also support employees (36) positions have been eliminated by providing retraining or outplacement assistance and a reasonable severance package. Those being laid off are not, (37) , the only ones affected by the downsizing. By addressing the needs and concerns of (38) staff, showing sensitivity to their feeling of loss, and dealing with their anxieties about additional layoffs, an organization increases its chances of retaining their loyalty and trust. Questions about the ethics of downsizing are sure to continue. Do responsible companies lay people off Is it (39) to close factories Must employers guarantee workers jobs for life What are the ethical issues involved when organizations become so downsized they are no longer able to attain their goals (a situation known as "corporate anorexia") What happens, for example, to patients in a hospital that has eliminated so many positions it is no (40) able to provide the necessary level of care If, as most experts agree, downsizing is here to stay, perhaps the real question is not, "Is it ethical to downsize" but "How can companies downsize ethically"
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· You will hear part of a conversation between an interviewer and Andrew Grove, the chairman, CEO and co-founder of Intel.· For each question 23—30, mark one letter A, B or C for the correct answer.· You will hear the recording twice. In Andrew Grovels opinion, which is more important, marketing or technology
PART ONE· Look at the statements below and the five introductions for goods.· Which introduction A, B, C, D or E does each statement 1-8 refer to· For each statement 1-8, mark one letter A, B, C, D or E.· You will need to use some of these letters more than once.A. Shopping goods aren’t bought very often, are bought only after the consumer has compared their features with those of competing brands, and are found in only a few stores in one area. These goods usually have a higher unit price than convenience goods, and an individual salesperson, rather than a cashier, may be needed to sell them. Examples of shopping goods are automobiles, furniture, men’s suits, ladies’ wear, shoes, and major appliances.B. Specialty goods like prestige automobiles, photographic equipment, fine jewelry, and high-fashion clothing and furniture are bought by consumers after a special shopping effort. They are bought infrequently and are generally available only in exclusive outlets. They’re usually high-priced, but price isn’t the main consideration of a consumer buying them. A consumer is often willing to go out of the way to find a certain brand. Specialty goods prove the point that goods are often considered not just for their physical qualities but also for the economic utility, ego enhancement, status, and satisfaction they carry with them. For example, when people buy a new car, they may want it not just for basic transportation but also for recognition, status, or prestige. You’ve probably figured out that this classification of consumer goods is far from rigid. It may differ according to buyers’ intent or wishes. As consumers’ incomes and buying habits change, or as prices drop, goods shift from one classification to another. Usually they shift downward, from the specialty to the shopping, or from the shopping to the convenience goods category. Television sets became shopping goods years ago. When microwave ovens first came on the market, they were regarded by many as an expensive new toy a kind of specialty goods-for the rich. Now they’re considered indispensable shopping goods by working couples and single people who buy them to save cooking time.C. Durable goods can be further classified as either consumer goods or industrial goods, each of which requires a different set of marketing strategies. Consumer goods are used by the consumer or household that buys them and come in a ready-to-use form that calls for no further industrial or commercial processing. On the basis of how much effort a consumer takes to obtain them, consumer goods can be further subdivided into (1) convenience goods, (2) shopping goods, and (3) specialty goods.D. Durable goods have physical qualities and uses that permit them to last a relatively long time, even while being used. They’re designed to be used up over an extended period of time and are made of materials that will take considerable wear and tear. For example, you probably own such durable goods as a car, tape deck, cassette player, TV set, or stereo that should remain usable for several years—or at least until the warranty runs out. Houses are built to last thirty to fifty years or more. Refrigerators and mattresses both have a life expectancy of about twenty years, and quality jewelry, silverware, china, and furniture are frequently handed down from one generation to the next. The fact that a product is durable influences its whole marketing strategy. Obviously, goods like these are packaged differently, sold more personally and aggressively, and priced higher than a tube of toothpaste or a bottle of shampoo.E. Instead of being bought by the ultimate consumer, industrial goods are used by businesses to produce other goods or to provide services to consumers. These goods are usually bought by institutions such as manufacturers, utilities, government agencies, contractors, wholesalers, retailers, hospitals, and schools that use them in producing their own products or services. Buyers of these goods usually provide prospective suppliers with a description of the product or service and request that bids or price quotations be submitted. The buying decision is usually based on technical performance, cost, or expected monetary gain. There are many types of industrial goods, but the most common ones are (a) raw materials, (b) component parts, (c) installations, (d) transportation systems, (e) tools, (f) equipment, (g) materials, and (h) supplies. Buyers of these goods usually provide prospective suppliers with a description of the product.
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· Read the article below about success in the business world.· Choose the best word to fill in each gap.· For each question 21-30, mark one letter A, B, C or D. According to certain beer commercials, the contemporary version of success consists in moving up to a premium brand that costs a dime or so more per bottle. Credit-card companies would have you (21) success inheres in owning their particular piece of plastic. Under the flag of success, modern-style, liberal arts colleges are withering (22) business schools are burgeoning... and yet even business schools are having an increasingly hard time finding faculty members, because teaching isn’t (23) "successful" enough. Amid a broad consensus that there is a glut of lawyers and an epidemic of strangling litigation, record numbers of young people continue to flock to law school (24) , for the individual practitioner, a law degree is still considered a safe ticket. Many, by external standards, will be "successes". Yet there is a deadening and dangerous flaw in their philosophy: It has little room, little sympathy and less respect for the noble failure, for the person who (25) past the limits, who aims gloriously high and falls unashamedly (26) . That sort of ambition doesn’t have much place in a world where success is proved by worldly reward (27) by accomplishment itself. That sort of ambition is increasingly thought of as the domain of irredeemable eccentrics, of people who haven’t quite caught on—and there is great social pressure not to be one of them. The irony is that today’s success-chasers seem obsessed with the idea of not settling. Yet in doggedly (28) the rather brittle species of success now in fashion, they are restricting themselves to a chokingly narrow swath of turf along the entire (29) of human possibilities. Does it ever (30) to them that, frequently, success is what people settle for when they can’t think of something noble enough to be worth tailing at
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