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TEXT A Historical developments of the past half century and the invention of modern telecommunication and transportation technologies have created a world economy. Effectively the American economy has died and been replaced by a world economy. In the future there is no such thing as being an American manager. Even someone who spends an entire management career in Kansas City is in international management. He or she will compete with foreign firms, buy from foreign firms, sell to foreign films, or acquire financing from foreign banks. The globalization of the world’s capital markets that has occurred in the past 10 years will be replicated right across the economy in the next decade. An international perspective has become central to management. Without it managers are operating in ignorance and cannot understand what is happening to them and their firms. Partly because of globalization and partly because of demography, the work forces of the next century are going to be very different from those of the last century. Most firms will be employing more foreign nationals. More likely than not, you and your boss will not be of the same nationality. Demography and changing social mores mean that white males will become a smaller fraction of the work force as women and minorities grow in importance. All of these factors will require changes in the traditional methods of managing the work force. In addition, the need to produce goods and services at quality levels previously thought impossible to obtain in mass production and the spreading use of participatory management techniques will require a work force with much higher levels of education and skills. Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control; production workers must be able to do just in-time inventories. Managers are increasingly shifting from a "don’t think, do what you are told" to a "think, I am not going to tell you what to do" style of management. This shift is occurring not because today’s managers are more enlightened than yesterday’s managers but because the evidence is rapidly mounting that the second style of management is more productive than the first style of management. But this means that problems of training and motivating the work force both become more central and require different modes of behavior. In the world of tomorrow managers cannot be technologically illiterate regardless of their functional tasks within the firm. They don’t have to be scientists or engineers inventing new technologies, but they have to be managers who understand when to bet and when not to bet on new technologies. If they don’ t understand what is going on and technology effectively becomes a black box, they will fail to make the changes that those who do understand what is going on inside the black box make. They will be losers, not winners. Today’s CEOs are those who solved the central problems facing their companies 20 years ago. Tomorrow’s CEOs will be those who solve central problems facing their companies today. Sloan hopes to produce a generation of managers who will be solving today’s and tomorrow’s problems and because they are successful in doing so they will become tomorrow’s captains of business. The author suggests that a manager should hold a (an) ______ view on management.
MEMOTo: RaulFrom: DarcyDate: March 25, 2003Message: Alpha Food Machines is making a new system, which can handled up to 95 reusable bottles a minute and run 24 hours a day with minimum maintenance.Would you please send them a letter and ask them to pay us a visit Their address is 54 Rue Barrault, Toulouse 31000, France.Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing in connection with your advertisement about Rapid Bottler in Food and Drink News.We are a small company, manufacturing soft drinks for sale in the south of Spain. At the moment, we bottle our drinks using an Anderson Disposable Bottle Filling System but we would be interested in hearing more about your computer-controlled equipment.We would be grateful if you could arrange to visit our factory in late May.Yours faithfully,Raul SanchezManagerPurchasing DepartmentInformation Record FormNAME OF EQUIPMENT (41) ______EQUIPMENT EFFICIENCY (42) ______PRODUCER (43) ______ADDRESS 54 Rue Barrault, Toulouse 31000, FranceSUGGESTED VISIT TIME (44) ______SOURCE OF INFORMATION (45) ______ 45（）
Book fair — facts & figuresThe Frankfurt Book Fair, the largest, oldest and most important book fair in the world, brings (29) an estimated 80,000 executives from the international book and media industry, (30) nearly 10,000 journalists from about 70 countries report (31) the event.To begin (32) , the Frankfurt Book Fair was primarily an order fair (33) booksellers from Germany but, as its international importance grew, the (34) of rights and licenses became its central activity. (35) three-quarters of the publishing world’s rights and licenses (36) now transacted through the Frankfurt Book Fair.The Frankfurt Book Fair has responded to the development of the electronic media by, in 1993, setting (37) a separate exhibition area at the fair. (38) two years, the number of exhibitors Offering electronic publishing products increased eight-fold, (39) that now the Frankfurt Book Fair is the most important event in the medium of electronic publishing (40) well as books. 39（）
TEXT D It is a long time for a large mount of big corporations or international companies to pay much attention to an ever-important subject -- Industrial Psychology. For studying and using the subject, they can produce more profits than ever before. So, what is its definition It is an application of various psychological techniques to the selection and training of industrial workers and to the promotion of efficient working conditions and techniques, as well as individual job satisfaction. This field of applied psychology first became prominent during World War II, when it became necessary to recruit and train the large number of new workers who were needed to meet the expanding demands of industry. The selection of workers for particular jobs is essentially a problem of discovering the special intelligence and personality characteristics needed for the job and of devising tests to determine whether candidates have such intelligence and characteristics. The development of tests of this kind has long been a field of psycho- logical research. Once the worker is on the job and has been trained, the fundamental aim of the industrial psychologist is to find ways in which a particular job can best be accomplished with a minimum of effort and a maximum of individual satisfaction. The psychologist’s function, therefore, differs from that of the so-called efficiency expert, who places primary emphasis on increased production. Psychological techniques used to lessen the effort involved in a given job include a detailed study of the motions required to do the job, the equipment used, and the conditions under which the job is performed. These conditions include ventilation, heating, lighting, noise, and anything else affecting the comfort or morale of the worker. After making such a study, the industrial psychologist often determines that the job in question may be accomplished with less effort by changing the routine motions of the work itself, changing or moving the tools, improving the working conditions, or a combination of several of these methods. Industrial psychologists have also studied the effects of fatigue on workers to determine the length of working time that yields the greatest productivity. In some cases such studies have proven that total production on particular jobs could be increased by reducing the number of working hours or by increasing the number of rest periods, or "breaks", during the day. Industrial psychologists may also suggest less direct requirements for general improvement of job performance, such as establishing a better line of communication between employees and management. One aim of psychological research is to ______.
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