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金融机构之间融通资金以解决临时资金不足的市场是（）。
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根据下面内容，回答176-180题The traditional distinction between products that satisfy needs and those that satisfy wants isno longer adequate to describe classes of products．In today's prosperous societies the distinctionhas become blurred because so many wants have been turned into needs．A writer, for instance,can work with paper and pencils．These are legitimate needs for the task．But the work can be donemore quickly and efficiently with a word processor．Thus a computer is soon viewed as a needrather than a want.In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they arepurchased．The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods．Two lesser typesare specialty goods and unsought goods．It must be emphasized that all of these types are based onthe way shoppers think about products, not on the nature of the products themselves．What is re-garded as a convenience item in France (wine, for example) may be a specialty good in the UnitedStates.People do not spend a great deal of time shopping for such convenience items as groceries,newspapers, toothpaste, razor blades, aspirin, and candy．The buying of convenience goods maybe done routinely, as some families buy groceries once a week．Such regularly purchased items arecalled staples．Sometimes convenience products are bought on impulse: someone has a sudden de-sire for an ice cream sundae on a hot day．Or they may be purchased as emergency items.Shopping goods are items for which customers search．They compare prices, quality, andstyles, and may visit a number of stores before making a decision．Buying an automobile is oftendone this way．Shopping goods fall into two classes: those that are perceived as basically the sameand those that are regarded as different．Items that are looked upon as basically the same includesuch things as home appliances, television sets, and automobiles．Having decided on the modeldesired, the customer is primarily interested in getting the item at the most favorable price．Itemsregarded as inherently different include clothing, furniture, and dishes．Quality, style, and fashionwill either take precedence over price, or they will not matter at all.Specialty goods have characteristics that impel customers to make special efforts to find them.Price may be no consideration at all．Specialty goods can include almost any kind of product．Nor-mally, specialty goods have a brand name or other distinguishing characteristics.Unsought goods are items a consumer does not necessarily want or need or may not even knowabout．Promotion or advertising brings such goods to the consumer's attention．The product couldbe something new on the market as the Sony Walkman once was or it may be a fairly standard ser-vice, such as life insurance, for which most people will usually not bother shopping. The word "staples" (Line 3, Para.3).most probably means（）
通常不必要实行直接营销的产品是（）。
根据下面内容，回答171-175题Every product on the market has a variety of costs built into it before it is ever put up for saleto a customer．There are costs of production, transportation, storage, advertising, and more．Eachof these costs must bring in some profit at each stage : truckers must profit from transporting prod-ucts, or they would not be in business．Thus, costs also include several layers of profits．The sell-ing price of a product must take all of these costs (and built in profits) into consideration．The sell-ing price itself consists of a markup over the total of all costs, and it is normally based on a per-centage of the total cost.The markup may be quite high,90 percent of cost, or it may be low．Grocery items in a su-permarket usually have a low markup, while mink coats have a very high one．High markups,however, do not in themselves guarantee big profits．Profits come from turnover．If an item has a50 percent markup and does not sell, there is no profit．But if a cereal has an 8 percent markupand sells very well, there are reasonable profits.While most pricing is based on cost factors, there are some exceptions．Prestige pricing meanssetting prices artificially high in order to attract select clientele．Such pricing attempts to suggestthat the quality or style of the product is exceptional or that the item cannot be found elsewhere.Stores can use prestige pricing to attract wealthy shoppers.Leader pricing and bait pricing are the opposites of prestige pricing．Leader pricing meanssetting low prices on certain items to get people to come into the stores．The products so priced arecalled loss leaders because little or no profit can be made on them．The profits are made from otherproducts people buy while in the store．Bait pricing, now generally considered illegal, means set-ting artificially low prices to attract customers．The store, however, has no intention of sellinggoods at the bait prices．The point is to get people into the store and persuade them of the inferior-ity of the low priced item．Then a higher priced item is presented as a better alternative.A common retail tactic is odd priced products．For some products of $300, the store will setthe price at $295 or $299.95 to give the appearance of a lower price．Automobiles and other highpriced products are usually priced in this manner．For some reason $7995 has more appeal to apotential car customer than $8000.Bid pricing is a special kind of price setting．It is often used in the awarding of governmentcontracts．Several companies are asked to submit bids on a job, and normally the lowest bidderwins．A school system may want to buy a large number of computers．Several companies are askedto submit prices, and the school district will decide on the best bid based as well on considerationsof quality and service. The second paragraph most probably implies（）
By （）a cheaper material for the steel in our products, we can greatly reduce manufacturing costs.
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