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Passage Two Women earn less than men. For example, in 1988 the hourly wages of women in the U.S. were 26% less than those of men. The between male and female incomes varies with age. The gap between the labor incomes of young women and young men is much smaller than that between middle-aged women and men. It is also clear that jobs in which women are concentrated pay less. The larger the number of workers in an industry who are women, the lower the average wages. Why do women earn less than men Are the differences explained by the fact that women are looked down upon If so, the government has to intervene, to force the employers to pay equal wages to equal jobs. However, there is no agreement among economists about the causes of the gap. ①One view argues that women on the average have chosen low paying jobs in which workers enjoy the freedom of entering and leaving the labor force, which reduces their years of experience relative to men. Other people say the gap can also be explained by the difference in educational background which is shown in the difference in the marginal product between men and women. Much of the gap, however, has not been fully explained. It might be the result of some bias against women. It is this part that has produced calls for government action. What would happen if the government did intervene to increase the wages paid to women One possibility, is that incomes for women as a group might actually decline. An increase in wage decreases the quantity of labor input demanded, resulting in decreased employment as the rate of hiring new workers declines. The result will be a surplus of labor. Those who can find jobs might be better off while those who had jobs might find themselves out of work. What does the author suggest that the government should do for women workers
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Passage One Londoners are great readers. They buy vast numbers of newspapers and magazines and of books-especially paperbacks, which are still comparatively cheap in spite of ever increasing rises in the costs of printing. They still continue to buy "proper" books, too, printed on good paper and hotrod between hard covers. There are many streets in London containing shops which specialize in book selling. Perhaps the best known of these is Charring Cross Road in the very heart of London. ① Here bookshops of all sorts and sizes are to be found, from the celebrated one which boasts of being "the biggest bookshop in the world" to the tiny, dusty little places which seem to have been left over from Dickens’ time. Some of these shops stock, or will obtain, any kind of book, but many of them specialize in second hand books, in art books, in foreign books, in books on philosophy, politics or any other of the myriad(无数的) subjects about which books may be written. One shop in this area specializes solely in books about ballet! Although it may be the most convenient place for Londoners to buy books, Charring Cross Road is not the cheapest. For the really cheap second hand volumes, the collector must venture off the beaten track, to Farringdon Road, for example, in the East Central district of London. Here there is nothing so grandiose(宏伟的) as bookshops. Instead, the booksellers come along each morning and tip out their sacks of books on to small barrows(流动售货车) which line the gutters. And the collectors， some professional and some amateur, who have been waiting for them, pounce(一把抓住) upon the dusty cascaded. In places like this one can still, occasionally, pick up for a few pence an old volume that may be worth many pounds. If you want to buy really cheap second books, you must______
Passage Two Women earn less than men. For example, in 1988 the hourly wages of women in the U.S. were 26% less than those of men. The between male and female incomes varies with age. The gap between the labor incomes of young women and young men is much smaller than that between middle-aged women and men. It is also clear that jobs in which women are concentrated pay less. The larger the number of workers in an industry who are women, the lower the average wages. Why do women earn less than men Are the differences explained by the fact that women are looked down upon If so, the government has to intervene, to force the employers to pay equal wages to equal jobs. However, there is no agreement among economists about the causes of the gap. ①One view argues that women on the average have chosen low paying jobs in which workers enjoy the freedom of entering and leaving the labor force, which reduces their years of experience relative to men. Other people say the gap can also be explained by the difference in educational background which is shown in the difference in the marginal product between men and women. Much of the gap, however, has not been fully explained. It might be the result of some bias against women. It is this part that has produced calls for government action. What would happen if the government did intervene to increase the wages paid to women One possibility, is that incomes for women as a group might actually decline. An increase in wage decreases the quantity of labor input demanded, resulting in decreased employment as the rate of hiring new workers declines. The result will be a surplus of labor. Those who can find jobs might be better off while those who had jobs might find themselves out of work. What would happen if women’s wages were raised
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Passage Four President Arling has put his long awaited economic restructuring program before the Congress. It provides a coordinated program of investment credits, research grants, education reforms, and tax changes designed to make American industry more competitive. This is necessary to reverse the economic slide into unemployment, lack of growth, and trade deficits that have plagued the economy for the past six years. The most liberal wing of the President’s party has called for stronger and more direct action. They want an income policy to check inflation while federal financing helps rebuild industry behind a wall of protective tariffs. The Republicans, however, decry(谴责) even the modest, graduated tax increases in the President’s program. They want taxcuts and more open market. They say if federal money has to be injected into the economy, let it through defense spending. Both these alternatives ignore the unique nature of the economic problem before us. It is not simply a matter of markets or financing. The new technology allows vastly increased production for those able to master it. But it also threatens those who fail to adopt it with permanent second-class citizenship in the world economy. If an industry cannot lever itself up to the leading stage of technological advances, then it will not be able to compete effectively. If it cannot do this, no amount of government protectionism or access to foreign markets can keep it profitable for long. Without the profits and experience of technological excellence to reinvest, that industry can only fall still further behind its foreign competitors. So the crux(症结) is the technology and that is where the Presidenfs program focused. The danger is not that a plan will not be passed, but it is that the ideolognes(理论家) of right and left will distort the bill with amendments that will blur its focus on technology. The economic restructuring plan should be passed intact. If we fail to restructure our economy now, we may not get a second chance. The danger to the plan lies in ______
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