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Change, or the ability to (31) oneself to a changing environment is essential (32) evolution. The farmer whose land is required for housing or industry must adapt himself: he can transfer to another place and master the problems (33) to it; he can change his occupation, perhaps (34) a period of training; or he can starve to death. A nation which can’t adapt its trade or defense requirements to (35) world conditions faces an economic and military disaster. Nothing is fixed and permanently stable. (36) must be movement forward, which is progress of a sort, and movement backward, which is decay and deterioration. In a changing world, traction can be a force for good or for evil. (37) long as it offers a guide, it helps the ignorant and the uninformed to take a step (38) and, thereby adapt themselves to (39) circumstances. But if we make an idol of tradition, it ceases to be a guide. It becomes an obstacle (40) on the path of course. Man is to accept the help which tradition can give but to be well aware of its limitations in a changing world.

A. laying
B. lying
C. laid
D. lain

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Watercolor is the oldest painting medium known. It dates back to the early cave dwellers who discovered they could add lifelike qualities to drawings of animals and other figures on the walls of caves by mixing the natural colors found in the earth with water. Fresco, one of the greatest of all art forms, is done with watercolor. It is created by mixing pigments and water and applying these to wet plaster. Of the thousands of people who stand under Michlangelo’s heroic ceiling in the Sistine Chapel, very few are aware that they are looking at perhaps the greatest watercolor painting in the world. The invention of oil painting by the Flemish masters in the fifteenth century led to a decline in fresco painting, and for the next several centuries watercolor was used mainly as a medium for doing preliminary sketches or as a tool for study. It was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that English painters reinstated watercolor as a serious art form. The English have a notorious love for the outdoors and also a great fondness for small, intimate pictures. The subdued tones of watercolor had a remarkably strong appeal for them. What is the main theme of the passage

A. The decline of fresco painting.
B. The predominance of oils over watercolor.
C. The rediscovery of watercolor in England.
D. The origins and development of watercolor.

Harvard University is the oldest institute of higher learning in the United States. Founded 16 years after the arrival of Pilgrims at Plymouth, the university has grown from 9 students with a single master to the present enrollment of more than 18 000 students, including undergraduates and students in 10 graduate and professional schools. Over 14 000 people work at Harvard, including more than 2 000 faculties. Harvard has produced six presidents of the United States and 34 Nobel winners.During its early years, Harvard offered a classic academic course based on the model of English universities, but consistent with the prevailing (流行的,盛行的;占优势的) Puritan philosophy. Although many of its early graduates became ministers in Puritan churches throughout New England, the university never formally belonged to a specific religious group.Under President Pusey, Harvard started what was then the largest fund-raising campaign in the history of American higher education. It was 82.5 million dollars program for the university. The program increased faculty salaries, broadened students aid. created new professorships, and expanded Harvard’s physical facilities.Nell L. Rudenstine took office as Harvard’s 26th president in 1991. As part of an overall effort to achieve greater coordination among the university’s schools and faculties, Rudenstine encouraged academic planning and identified some of Harvard’s main intellectual priorities. He also stressed the importance of the university’s excellence in undergraduate education, the significance of keeping Harvard’s door open to students from families of different economic backgrounds, the task of adapting the research university to an era of both rapid information growth and serious fund shortage. What was the role of religion at Harvard University during its early years()

A. It was not influenced by any religion.
B. It was heavily influenced by one religious group.
C. It was not dominated by a single religious group.
D. It was devoted only to religion.

The Xinhua bookstore chain, China’s largest official publishing enterprise, has become a surprising flash point for interest among foreign venture capital investors. "We are actively promoting the process of shareholding reform. Every day, we receive lots of offers from domestic and foreign investors interested in getting involved and may pick one or two to do so in the next two to three months," Zhang Yashan, the leading cadre of the head store’s office said. According to a company insider who requested anonymity, several securities firms are overseeing Xinhua bookstore’s reform and the company could list on the domestic stock market once reforms are reported to the government in May and then completed. The source would not reveal the specific names of the firms involved or details of the reform. "We will stipulate that we must remain the majority shareholder, but we will welcome all kinds of investment, including foreign capital, to establish a shareholding enterprise. We hope the No. 2 shareholder will be a foreign enterprise," the source said. In keeping with its World Trade Organization entry promises, China must allow foreign investment in domestic publication retailers by the end of this year. What can we infer from Zhang Yashan’s statement in Par

A. 2A. We often receive many offers from investors.B. We will soon accept one or two offers in the next sixty days.C. Security firms are more interested in Xinhua bookstore than other firms.D. Foreign investment is welcomed by Chinese government.

Watercolor is the oldest painting medium known. It dates back to the early cave dwellers who discovered they could add lifelike qualities to drawings of animals and other figures on the walls of caves by mixing the natural colors found in the earth with water. Fresco, one of the greatest of all art forms, is done with watercolor. It is created by mixing pigments and water and applying these to wet plaster. Of the thousands of people who stand under Michlangelo’s heroic ceiling in the Sistine Chapel, very few are aware that they are looking at perhaps the greatest watercolor painting in the world. The invention of oil painting by the Flemish masters in the fifteenth century led to a decline in fresco painting, and for the next several centuries watercolor was used mainly as a medium for doing preliminary sketches or as a tool for study. It was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that English painters reinstated watercolor as a serious art form. The English have a notorious love for the outdoors and also a great fondness for small, intimate pictures. The subdued tones of watercolor had a remarkably strong appeal for them. In fresco painting to what is the paint applied

A. Canvas.
B. Paper.
C. Plaster.
D. Rock.

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