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Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional pre-scientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values." Who will use a technology and to what ends 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
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假如你是浙江地方政府的一名公务员，现请你针对给定资料所反映的主要问题，提出几点建设性意见。 要求：(1)紧密结合材料；(2)所提意见有具体内容；(3)全面、准确、扼要；(4)字数控制在500字以内。
A sick or injured person can obtain medical care in several different places. These include provider practices such as medical offices and clinics, hospitals and nursing homes.There are about 200,000 medical offices, clinics, and other provider practices in the United States. Earlier in the 20th century most physicians were single people working in their own offices or in partnership with another doctor. Patients visited the office, received an examination or other service, and paid a fee. This traditional fee-for-service medicine has been declining. Many physicians now practice in groups where they share the same offices and equipment with other doctors. Group practices may combine primary care physicians, several kinds of specialists, laboratories, and equipment for diagnosing disease. Physicians who practice in a group reduce their own expenses and provide patients with a wider range of services.Many doctors are joining with hospitals, insurance companies, and industrial employers to provide managed care for groups of patients. These plans manage to avoid unnecessary services and reduce costs. Rather than taking a fee from each patient, managed care physicians may receive an annual salary from a fixed sum for each patient.Patients who are too sick for care in a doctor’s office go to a hospital. Hospitals offer Patients 24-hour care from a staff of health professionals. They provide services not available elsewhere, such as major surgery, child birth, and intensive care for the critically ill. Hospital care is the most expensive form of health care. Efforts to control health care costs have emphasized reducing the number of patients admitted to hospitals and their length of stay. During the 1980s and 1990s, these efforts led to the closing of more than 600 hospitals.Patients who need long-term medical care because of advanced age or chronic illness may stay in a nursing home. The United States has about 23,000 nursing homes with about 1.3 million patients. In the sentence "Patients who need long, term medical care because of advanced age or chronic illness may stay in a nursing home. ", here "chronic" means（）
W: When I was getting divorced in 1975, reporters and cameramen were camped out for days in the lobby and on the sidewalk outside. They came from all over the country. Foreign reporters too. It was terrible. My neighbors could barely get in and out of the building. One reporter, who had been a friend of mine, got up to my apartment after persuading the doorman into believing that he was there on a personal visit. I wouldn’t let him in. He just wanted to talk, he said. I was certain that he had a camera and wanted a picture of me looking depressed. I just couldn’t believe this attempt to invade my privacy. TV is the worst. TV reporters present themselves as having the perfect right to be anywhere, to ask any question. It doesn’t matter how personal the matter may be.People don’t trust the press the way they used to. In most cases, stories are sensationalized in order to attract more public attention. Some papers print things that simply are not true. In many papers, if a correction has to be made, it’s usually buried among advertisements. I’ve received hundreds of letters from people asking me how do you know what’s true in the press these days. I find it difficult to respond sometimes. I tell them that there are good newspapers and serious, responsible and honest reporters. Don’t judge all of us by the standards of the bad ones. Unless the guys at the top—the editors and the news directors take firm action, pretty soon no one is going to believe anything they read in the papers or see on television news. According to the speaker, the press will lose readers unless the editors and the news directors().
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