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Only three strategies are available for controlling cancer: prevention, screening and treatment. Lung cancer causes more deaths than any other types of cancer. A major cause of the disease is not (21) known; there is no good evidence that screening is much helpful, and treatment (22) in about 90 percent of all cases. At present, therefore, the main strategy must be (23) . This may not always be true, of course, as for some other types of cancer, research (24) the past few decades has produced (or suggested) some importance in prevention, screening or treatment.(25) , however, we consider not what research may one day offer but what today’s knowledge could already deliver that is not being delivered, then the most practicable and cost-effective opportunities for (26) . premature death from cancer, especially lung cancer, probably involve neither screening nor improved (27) , but prevention.This conclusion does not depend on the unrealistic assumption that we can (28) tobacco. It merely assumes that we can reduce cigarette sales appreciably by raising prices or by (29) on the type of education that already appears to have a (30) effect on cigarette assumption by whitecollar workers and that we can substantially reduce the amount of tar (31) per cigarette. The practicability of preventing cancer by such measures applies not only in those countries, (32) , the United States of America, because cigarette smoking has been common for decades, 25 to 30 percent of all cancer deaths now involves lung cancer, but also in those where it has become (33) only recently. In China, lung cancer (34) accounts for only 5 to 10 percent of all cancer deaths. This is because it may take as much as half a century (35) the rise in smoking to increase the incidence to lung cancer. Countries where cigarette smoking is only now becoming widespread can expect enormous increase in lung cancer during the 1990’s or early in the next century, (36) prompt effective action is taken against the habit-indeed, such increase is already plainly evident in parts of the (37) .There are four reasons why the prevention of lung cancer is of such overwhelming importance: First, the disease is extremely common, causing more deaths than any other type of cancer now (38) ; Secondly, it is generally incurable; Thirdly, effective, practicable measures to reduce its incidence are already reliably known; and finally, (39) tobacco consumption will also have a substantial (40) on many other diseases. 30().
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阅读下列材料 材料一： 民户千二百二十三万三千六十二 (12233062) 口五千九百五十九万四千九百七十八 (59594978) 每户平均口数 4.87——《汉书·地理志》汉平帝二年(公元2年)资料 葛剑雄：尽管其中也难免有虚报或隐漏的成分，这还是公认的现存历代户口数中最精确的数据之一。这项统计数不仅反映了西汉一代状况，实际上也显示了在西汉末以前近3 000年文明历史发展的结果。 ……这项数据也是世界上现存最早、最完整、最精确的人口调查记录。 材料二： 隋……有户八百九十万。我国家自武德初至天宝末，凡百三十八年，可以比崇汉室，而人户才比于隋氏，盖有司不以经国驭远为虑，法令不行，所在隐漏之甚也。……若比量汉时，实合有加数，约计天下人户，少犹可有千三四百万矣。——杜佑《通典》卷七《历代盛衰户口》 材料三： 安史之乱爆发前夕唐代户口数字： ①《唐会要》：9069154户(754年) ②《旧唐书》：9187548户52881280口(755年) ③《通典》：8914790户52919309口(755年) 材料四： 北宋户口的增长：11世纪的奇迹 年代 户数 口数 每户平均口数 按一户五口修正口数 户口升降指数 太宗端拱二年(989年) 650 3250 1 真宗咸平六年(1003年) 686 1428 2.08 3430 1.0554 仁宗天圣七年(1029年) 1016 2605 2.56 5080 1.5630 英宗治平元年(1064年) 1249 2882 2.31 6245 1.9215 神宗熙宁八年(1075年) 1568 2381 1.52 7840 2.4123 哲宗元祐元年(1086年) 1796 4007 2.23 8980 2.7630 徽宗大观三年(1109年) 2088 4673 2.24 10440 3.2123 ——采自葛金芳《宋辽夏金经济研析》，户、口数均以万为单位 材料五： 下列数据是一组不同年代粮食产量： 1958年，4000亿斤；1959年，3400亿斤；1960年，2870亿斤；1961年，2950亿斤。 ——根据相关资料 回答问题： 分析材料三、四人口变化及其原因。
陆王心学
After millennia of growth which was so slow that each generation hardly noticed it, the cities are suddenly racing off in every direction. The world population goes up by two percent a year, city population goes up by four percent a year, but in big cities the rate may be as much as five and six percent a year. (61) To give only one example of almost visible acceleration. Athens today grows by three dwellings and 100 square meters of road every hour. There is no reason to believe that this pace will slacken. (62) As technology gradually swallows up all forms of work, industrial and agricultural, the rural areas are going to shrink, just as they have shrunk in Britain, and the vast majority of their people will move into the city. In fact, in Britain now only about four or five percent of people live in rural areas and depend upon them; all through the developing world the vanguard of the rural exodus has reached the urban fringes already, and there they huddle in shanty towns. We are heading towards an urban world.(63) This enormous increase will go ahead whatever we do, and we have to remember that the new cities devour space. People now acquire far more goods and things. (64) There is a greater density of household goods, they demand more services such as sewage and drainage. Above all, the car changes everything: rising incomes and rising populations can make urban car density increase by something like four and five percent in a decade; traffic flows rise to fill whatever scale of highways are provided for them. The car also has a curious ambivalence: it creates and then it destroys mobility. The car tempts people further out and then gives them the appalling problem of getting back. It makes them believe they can spend Sunday in Brighton, but makes it impossible for them to return before, say, two in the morning. (65) People go further and further away to reach open air and countryside which continuously recedes from them, and just as their working weeks decline and they begin to have more time for leisure, they find they cannot get to the open spaces or the recreation or the beaches which they now have the time to enjoy. As technology gradually swallows up all forms of work, industrial and agricultural, the rural areas are going to shrink,
A university professor recently made several experiments with different animals to find out which was the most intelligent. He found out that the monkey was more intelligent than other animals.In one experiment the professor put a monkey in a room where there were several small boxes. Some boxes were inside other boxes. One small box had some food inside of it. The professor wanted to watch the monkey and to find out how long it would take the monkey to find the food. The professor left the room. He waited a few minutes outside the door. Then he knelt down and put his eye to the keyhole. What did he see To his surprise he found himself looking directly into the eye of the monkey. The monkey was looking at the professor through the other side of the door. How did the professor watch the monkey()
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