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第三节 短文理解 2 阅读下列短文，从[A]、[B]、[C]三个选项中选择—个正确答案。 请根据下面短文回答第61～65题： Excuse me, Mrs. Jones. Would you mind doing me a favor I was just going out shopping. But as soon as I shut my front door, I realized that I had left my key in the house. So when I got back, I’ll not be able to get in. It was very silly of me. I needn’t have come out at all, because all the vegetables and fruits had been bought by my husband. I only wanted some salt. May I come and climb over the fence into my back garden That’s very kind of you. I wish I didn’t give so much trouble. What is the best rifle of the passage
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How Swearing Works We all know what "bad words" are. Unlike most other language rules, we learn about swearwords and how to use them without any real study or classroom instruction. Even very young children know which words are naughty, although they don’t always know exactly what those words mean. But swearwords aren’t quite as simple as they seem. They’re paradoxical-saying them is taboo in nearly every culture, but instead of avoiding them as with other taboos, people use them. Most associate swearing with being angry or frustrated, but people swear for a number of reasons and in a variety of situations. Origin and Varieties of Swearwords Virtually every language in every culture in the world has its own unique swearwords. Even different dialects of the same language can have different expletives. The very first languages probably included swearwords, but since writing evolved after speaking did, there’s no record of who said the first swearword or what that word was. Because of the taboos surrounding it, written language histories also include few records of the origins of swearing. Even today, many dictionaries don’t include profanity, and comparatively few studies have examined swearing. Most researchers agree that swearing came from early forms of word magic. Studies of modern, non-literate cultures suggest that swearwords came from the belief that spoken words have power. Some cultures, especially ones that have not developed a written language, believe that spoken words can curse or bless people or can otherwise affect the world. This leads to the idea that some words are either very good or very bad. In the Western, English-speaking world, people from every race, class and level of education swear. In America, 72 percent of men and 58 percent of women swear in public. The same is true for 74 percent of 18 to 34 year olds and 48 percent of people who are over age 55. Numerous language researchers report that men swear more than women, but studies that focus on women’s use of language theorize that women’s swearing is simply more context specific, So why do so many people swear We’ll look at how swearing works in relationships and social interactions next. Why People Swear In early childhood, crying is an acceptable way to show emotion and relieve stress and anxiety. As children, (especially boys) grow up, Western society discourages them from crying, particularly in public. People still need an outlet for strong emotions, and that’s where swearing often comes in. A lot of people think of swearing as an instinctive response to something painful and unexpected (like hitting your head on an open cabinet door) or something frustrating and upsetting (like being stuck in traffic on the way to a job interview). This is one of the most common uses for swearing, and many researchers believe that it helps relieve stress and blow off steam, like crying does for small children. Beyond angry or upset words said in the heat of the moment, swearing does a lot of work in social interactions. In the past, researchers have theorized that men swear to create a masculine identity and women swear to be more like men. More recent studies, however, theorize that women swear in part because they are emulating women they admire. In addition, the use of particular expletives can. ※ Establish a group identity ※ Establish membership in a group and maintain the group’s boundaries ※ Express solidarity with other people ※ Express trust and intimacy (mostly when women swear in the presence of other women) ※ Add humor, emphasis or "shock value" ※ Attempt to camouflage a person’s fear or insecurity People also swear because they feel they are expected to or because swearing has become a habit. But it doesn’t mean it’s socially acceptable or even legal just because swearing plays all these roles. In the next sections, we’ll look at social and legal responses to swearing. Social Responses to Swearing All languages have swearwords, but the words that are considered expletives and the social attitudes toward them change over time. In many languages, words that used to be taboo are now commonplace and other words have taken their place as obscenities. In American English, the words currently considered to be the most vulgar and offensive have existed for hundreds of years. Their designation as obscenities, however, took place largely during and after the 1800s. In fact, the use of the word "dirty" to describe words arose in the 19th century, as did the word "profanity". Most languages also have a hierarchy of swearwords — some words are mildly offensive ,while others are nearly unspeakable. This hierarchy usually has more to do with a society’s attitude toward the word than what the word actually means. Some words that describe extremely vulgar acts aren’t thought of as swearwords at all. In English-speaking countries, however, many people avoid using racial slurs to swear for fear of appearing racist. Women also tend to avoid the use of expletives that relate to the female sexual anatomy out of the belief that the words contain an element of sexism. Western society generally views swearing as more appropriate for men than for women. Women who swear appear to violate more societal taboos than men who swear. People also tend to judge women more harshly than men for their use of obscenities. Society in general can also make moral judgments about women who swear and use non-standard English. In general, women also believe swearwords are more powerful and express more guilt about using them than men do. Swearing and the Law Just as cultures have different attitudes toward swearing and people who swear, they also have different laws governing people’s use of expletives. The Constitution of the United States guarantees that people have the right to freedom of speech in the First Amendment. The First Amendment applies specifically to Congress and the federal government, including the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Courts generally interpret that it also applies to state governments. So at first glance, it seems like people should be able to swear whenever they want and wherever they want because of their First Amendment rights. However, constitutional law can be tricky, and a wealth of court cases has led to a wide variety of judgments surrounding swearing. Obscenity generally falls into the category of unprotected speech — speech that is exempt from to the First Amendment rule. Other types of unprotected speech include: ※ Language that incites people to violence or illegal activity ※ Libel and defamation ※ Threats ※ False advertising The unprotected speech exclusion is one of the reasons why the FCC can create and enforce decency rules for broadcast television and radio. In addition to obscenity, court cases have examined the use of swearing in the contexts of inciting people to violence, defamation and threats. They have generally ruled that the government does not have the right to prevent blasphemy against a specific religion or to prosecute someone solely for the use of an expletive. On the other hand, they have upheld convictions of people, who used profanity to incite riots, harass people or disturb the peace. The First Amendment doesn’t generally apply to private organizations, and it has significantly less influence over businesses and schools. Courts frequently rule that organizations have the right to set and enforce their own standards of behavior and judgment. In addition, numerous sexual harassment cases have involved reports of swearing, and some courts have ruled that it creates a hostile environment and constitutes harassment. One of the reasons why the FCC can create and enforce decency rules for broadcast and radio is ______.
Born on July 31, 1965, in Gloucestershire, England, Joanne Kathleen Rowling grew up in rural communities in the southwestern part of that country. Rowling’s childhood experiences (67) her future literary creations. She explored the English countryside, visiting (68) and historical sites which inspired her (69) .Although she disliked science and mathematics courses, Rowling (70) in literature classes. She penned funny, fantastical tales to (71) her sister Diana and friends, (72) the Potter siblings whose name she later (73) for her wizardry novels. As a teenager, Rowling dreamed of becoming a (74) author whose books were sold in stores. She kept her ambitions a secret, (75) , because she feared criticism and discouragement from people who might declare that her writing was (76) Rowling gradually became more self-confident and was (77) Head Girl during her final year at school. (78) languages at Exeter University in order to be (79) as a bilingual secretary, Rowling graduated with a degree in French and Classics. This (80) knowledge aided her later clever (81) of characters in the Harry Potter books. Rowling then (82) to Manchester for other office positions. She wrote fiction for adult readers but did not (83) it for publication. She also often visited her (84) mother. It was during one of these train trips (85) Rowling began inventing characters and (86) .
(四)某公路工程项目，业主与承包商签订了施工合同，并委托了该段的施工监理任务。施工过程中，该工程项目的路基土方工程完成后，监理工程师独立进行工程量计量，计量完成后，按照双方签订的施工合同条款进行路基土方工程费用支付。 问题 如果承包商对监理工程师的计量有异议，应该怎样处理
(二)某高速公路建设项目，业主与施工单位签订了工程施工合同，工程未进行投保。在工程施工过程中，遭遇特大暴风雨和洪水不可抗力袭击，使工程遭受到大损失，施工单位及时向监理工程师提出索赔要求，并附有与索赔有关的资料和证据。索赔报告的基本内容如下： 1．遭特大暴风雨和洪水袭击属不可抗力，是因非施工单位原因造成的损失，故应由业主承担赔偿责任。 2．给已建部分工程造成破坏，损失22万元，其修复费用应由业主承担，施工单位不承担修复的经济责任。 3．施工单位人员因此灾害数人受伤，处理伤病医疗费用和补偿金总计2.5万元，业主应给予赔偿。 4．施工单位进场的正在使用的机械、设备受到损坏，造成损失6万元，由于现场停工造成台班费损失3万元，业主应负担赔偿和修复的经济责任。工人窝工费3万元，业主应予以支付。 5．因特大暴风雨和洪水造成工地停工10d，要求合同工期顺延10d。 6．由于工程破坏，现场清理需费用2万元，业主应予以支付。 问题 对施工单位提出的要求如何处理(请逐条回答)
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