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More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night’s sleep than 8-hour sleepers. These findings, which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night’s rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night. He added that "it might be a good idea" for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this. Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep — for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning. Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. "It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they’ll spend a higher percentage of time awake." he said. One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to ______.
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PART ONE How to approach Listening Test Part One·In this part of the Listening Test you listen to eight short conversations or monologues and choose the best answer to eight questions·Before you listen, read each question and the three possible answers.• Note all possible answers as you listen for the first time. Do not make an immediate decision.·Do not worry if you do not know the answers. You will hear the recording a second time.·Listen for overall meaning. Do not choose an answer just because you hear the same words in the recording as in the question.·Decide on your final answer only after you have listened for the second time·For questions 1-8 you will hear eight short recordings.·For each question, mark one letter (A, B or C) for the correct answer.·You will hear the eight recordings twice. Which director is giving the opening speech at th~ Annual General Meeting
How to approach Reading Test Part Two ·In this part of the Reading Test you match five people with items in a Fist. ·First read all the information. Note all the possible answers. ·Look for overall meaning. Do not choose an answer just because you can see the .same words in the text. ·Go back and decide which is the final answer. ·Check that you have not used any letter more than once.·Look at the list below. It shows places at an airport.·For questions 6-10, choose the place (A-H) each person should go to.·For each question, mark one letter (A-H).·Do not use any letter more than once. A Check-in area B Business lounge C Customs area D Baggage reclaim E Car hire desk F Duty-free shop G Passport control H Boarding gate Before moving through to the departure lounge, Ann wants to buy some whisky for a colleague.
American Sports The United States is a sports-loving nation. Sports in America take a variety of forms: organized competitive struggles, which draw huge crowds to cheer their favorite team to victory; athletic games, played for recreation anywhere sufficient space is found; and hunting and fishing. Most sports are seasonal, so that what is happening in sports depends upon the time of year. Some sports are called spectator sports, as the number of spectators greatly exceeds the number playing in the game. Baseball is the most popular sport in the US. It is played throughout the spring and summer, and professional baseball teams play well into the fall. Although no other game is exactly like baseball, perhaps the one most nearly like it is the English game of cricket. Football is the most popular sport in the fall. The game originated as a college sport more than 75 years ago. It is still played by almost every college and university in the country, and the football stadiums of some of the largest universities seat as many as 80,000 people. The game is not the same as European football or soccer. In American football there are 11 players on each team, and they are dressed in padded uniforms and helmets because the game is rough and injuries are likely to occur. Basketball is the winter sport in American schools and colleges. Like football, basketball originated in the US and is not popular in other countries. Many Americans prefer it to football because it is played indoors throughout the winter and because it is a faster game. It is a very popular game with high schools, and in more than 20 states, state-wide high school matches are held yearly. Other spectator sports include wrestling, boxing, and horse racing. Although horse-racing fans call themselves sportsmen, the accuracy of the term is questionable, as only the jockeys who ride the horse, s in the races can be considered athletes. The so-called sportsmen are the spectators, who do "not assemble" primarily to see the horses race, but to bet upon the outcome of each race. Gambling is the attraction of horse racing. Basketball in American is so popular with universities that nationwide university matches are held yearly.
Why Do People Shrink Did you ever see the movie Honey, l shrunk the kids It’s about a wacky dad (who’s also a scientist) who accidentally shrinks his kids with his homemade miniaturizing invention. Oops! (1) For older people, shrinking isn’t that dramatic or sudden at all. It takes place over years and may add up to only one inch or so off of their adult height (maybe a little more, maybe less), and this kind of shrinking can’t be magically reversed, although there are things that can be done to stop it or slow it down. (2) There are a few reasons. As people get older, they generally lose some muscle and fat from their bodies as part of the natural aging process. Gravity (the force that keeps your feet on the ground) take hold, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae, may break down or degenerate, and start to collapse into one another. (3) . But perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy bone tissue (which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. (4) . Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with oste6porosis is injured. Older people — especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with — are more likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit. Did you know that every day you do a shrinking act You aren’t as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. That’s because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Don’t worry, though. (5) A. They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter.B. Once you get a good night’s rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you’re standing tall again.C. Over time, bone is said to be lost because it’s not being replaced.D. Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking.E. The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size.F. But why does shrinking happen at all
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