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第三篇 Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently Male pilots flying general aviation (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision-making. While female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots," explains Susan P. Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash." The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and heIicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender. The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pi.lots’ crashes and 36 percent of males’. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and land!ng the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females. The majority of the crashes — 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males — involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females (accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts. inattention n. 疏忽 aviation n. 航空 flawed adj. 有缺陷的 mishandle v. 瞎弄，乱处理 MPH (Master of Public Health) 公共卫生硕士 mnout v.耗尽，用完 stalll v. (飞机)失速, (发动机)熄火 kinetics n.动力学 What is the most common circumstance of crash with female pilots
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第二篇 Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack In the aftermath of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, structural engineers are trying hard to solve a question that a month ago would have been completely unthinkable: Can building be designed to withstand catastrophic blasts inflicted by terrorists Ten days after the terrorist attacks on the twin towers, structural engineers from the University at Buffalo and the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) headquartered at UB traveled to ground zero as part of a project funded by file National Science Foundation, visiting the site as part of an MCEER reconnaissance visit. They spent two days beginning the task of formulating ideas about how to design such structures and to search for clues on how to do so in buildings that were damaged, but still are standing. "Our objective in visiting ground zero was to go and look at the buildings surrounding the World Trade Center, those buildings that are still standing, but that sustained damage" said M. Bruneau. Ph. D. "Our immediate hope is that we can develop a better understanding as to why those buildings remain standing. While our long-term goal is to see whether earthquake engineering technologies can be married to existing technologies to achieve enhanced performance of buildings in the event of terrorist attacks," he added. Photographs taken by the investigators demonstrate in startling detail the monumental damage inflicted on the World Trade Center towers and buildings in the vicinity. One building a block away from the rowers remains standihg, but was badly damaged. "This building is many meters away from the World Trade Center and yet we see a column there that used to be part of that building." explained A. Whittaker. Ph. D. "The column became a missile that shot across the road. through the window and through the floor." The visit to the area also revealed some surprises, according to the engineers. For example, the floor flaming system in one of the adjacent buildings was quite rugged, allowing floors that were pierced by tons of fairing debris to remain intact. "Highly redundant ductile framing systems may provide a simple, but robust strategy for blast resistance," he added. Other strategies may include providing alternate paths for gravity loads in the event that a load-bearing column fails. "We also need a better understanding of the mechanism of collapse." said A. Whitaker. "We need to find out what causes a building to collapse and how you can predict it." A. Reinhorn, Ph. D. noted that "earthquake shaking has led to the collapse of many buildings in the past. It induces dynamic response and extremely high stresses and deformations in structural components. Solutions developed for earthquake resistant design may be directly applicable to blast engineering and terrorist. Part of our mission now at UB is to transfer these solutions and to develop new ones where none exist at present." aftermath n. 后果，结果 in the vicinity 附近 debris n. 碎片 reconnaissance n. 勘察；侦察 ductile adj. 可伸展的，易变形的 The column mentioned by Dr. Whittaker ______.
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)1～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第 2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第5～8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案写在相应的横线上。 The Magic Io Personal Digital Pen Check out the personal digital pen by Logitech: It’s a magic pen that can store everything you write and transfer it to your computer. And you don’t have to lug a hand-held device along with you for it to work. Logitech’s technology works like this: the pen writes normally, using normal ballpoint pen ink. But while you are writing, a tiny camera inside the pen is also taking 100 snapshots per second of what you are doing, mapping your writing via a patchwork of minute dots printed on the paper. All this information —the movement of your pen on the paper, basically —s then stored digitally inside the pen, whether you are writing notes or drawing complex diagrams. You can store up to 40 pages worth of doodles in the pen’s memory. As far you are concerned, you are just using a normal pen. It is only when you drop the pen into its PC-connected cradle (支架 that the fun begins. Special software on your PC will figure out what you have done, and begin to download any documents you have written since the last time it was there. Depending on whether you have ticked (打上记号)rtain boxes on the special notepad (记事本)t can also tell whether the document is destined to be an e-mail, a "to do" task, or a diagram to be inserted into a word-processing document. Once the documents are downloaded you can view them, print them out or convert them to other formals. The io personal digital pen is a neat and simply solution to the problem of storing, sharing and retrieving handwritten notes, as well as for handling diagrams, pictures and other non-text doodling. You don’t have to carry a laptop along with you. All you have to do is just whip out the pen and the special paper and you are off. It is a great product because it does not force you to work differently —alking around with a screen strapped to your arm, or carrying with you extra bits and pieces. The pen is light and workslike a normal pen if you need it to, while the special notepads look and feel like notepads. The only strange looks will be from people who are curious about why your are writing with a cigar. The io personal digital pen also has potential elsewhere. Fedex, for example, is introducing a version of the pen so that customers can fill out forms by hand — instead of punching letter into cumbersome devices. Once that data is digital more or less anything can be done with it — transferring it wirelessly to a central computer, for example, or via a hand-phone. Doctors could transmit their prescriptions direct to pharmacies, reducing fraud; policemen could send their reports back to the station, reducing paper work. Paragraph 2 ______.
新闻单位经营管理活动的指导原则是什么
第二篇 Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack In the aftermath of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, structural engineers are trying hard to solve a question that a month ago would have been completely unthinkable: Can building be designed to withstand catastrophic blasts inflicted by terrorists Ten days after the terrorist attacks on the twin towers, structural engineers from the University at Buffalo and the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) headquartered at UB traveled to ground zero as part of a project funded by file National Science Foundation, visiting the site as part of an MCEER reconnaissance visit. They spent two days beginning the task of formulating ideas about how to design such structures and to search for clues on how to do so in buildings that were damaged, but still are standing. "Our objective in visiting ground zero was to go and look at the buildings surrounding the World Trade Center, those buildings that are still standing, but that sustained damage" said M. Bruneau. Ph. D. "Our immediate hope is that we can develop a better understanding as to why those buildings remain standing. While our long-term goal is to see whether earthquake engineering technologies can be married to existing technologies to achieve enhanced performance of buildings in the event of terrorist attacks," he added. Photographs taken by the investigators demonstrate in startling detail the monumental damage inflicted on the World Trade Center towers and buildings in the vicinity. One building a block away from the rowers remains standihg, but was badly damaged. "This building is many meters away from the World Trade Center and yet we see a column there that used to be part of that building." explained A. Whittaker. Ph. D. "The column became a missile that shot across the road. through the window and through the floor." The visit to the area also revealed some surprises, according to the engineers. For example, the floor flaming system in one of the adjacent buildings was quite rugged, allowing floors that were pierced by tons of fairing debris to remain intact. "Highly redundant ductile framing systems may provide a simple, but robust strategy for blast resistance," he added. Other strategies may include providing alternate paths for gravity loads in the event that a load-bearing column fails. "We also need a better understanding of the mechanism of collapse." said A. Whitaker. "We need to find out what causes a building to collapse and how you can predict it." A. Reinhorn, Ph. D. noted that "earthquake shaking has led to the collapse of many buildings in the past. It induces dynamic response and extremely high stresses and deformations in structural components. Solutions developed for earthquake resistant design may be directly applicable to blast engineering and terrorist. Part of our mission now at UB is to transfer these solutions and to develop new ones where none exist at present." aftermath n. 后果，结果 in the vicinity 附近 debris n. 碎片 reconnaissance n. 勘察；侦察 ductile adj. 可伸展的，易变形的 The project funded by the National Science Foundation ______.
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