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How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the over-whelming majority are from multiple earner, relatively afflunent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market- related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find fulltime work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate--that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems. The author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that（）
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It is not just Indian software and "business-process outsourcing" firms that are benefiting from the rise of the internet. Indian modern art is also on an upward spiral, driven by the aspirations of newly rich Indians, especially those living abroad, who use the internet to spot paintings and track prices at hundreds of gallery and auction websites. Prices have risen around 20-fold since 2000. particularly for prized names such as Tyeb Mehta and F.N. Souza. There would have been "no chance" of that happening so fast without the internet, says Arun Vadehra, who runs a gallery in Delhi and is an adviser to Christie’s, an international auction house. He expects worldwide sales of Indian art, worth $ 200million last year, to double in 2006. It is still a tiny fraction of the $ 30 billion global art market, but is sizeable for an emerging market. For newly rich--often very rich--non-resident Indians, expensive art is a badge of success in a foreign land." Who you are, and what you have, are on your walls," says Lavesh Jagasia, an art dealer in Mumbai. Indian art may also beat other forms of investment. A painting by Mr. Mehta that fetched $ 1.58 million last September would have gone for little more than $ 100 000 just four years ago. And a $ 22million art-investment fund launched in July by Osian’s, a big Indian auction house, has grown by 4.1% in its first two months. Scant attention was paid to modern Indian art until the end of the 1990s. Then wealthy Indians, particularly those living abroad, began to take an interest. Dinesh Vazirani, who runs Saffronart, a leading Indian auction site, says 60% of his sales go to buyers overseas. The focus now is on six auctions this month. Two took place in India last week; work by younger artists such as Surendran Naif and Shibu Natesan beat estimates by more than 70%. Sotheby’s and Christie’s have auctions in New York next week, each with a Tyeb Mehta that is expected to fetch more than $ 1 million. The real question is the fate of other works, including some by Mr. Souza with estimates of up to $ 600 000. If they do well, it will demonstrate that there is strong demand and will pull up prices across the board. This looks like a market with a long way to run. Which of the following is true according to the text
According to government statistics, men of all social classes in Britain visit pubs quite regularly, (1) the kind of pub they go to may be different and their reasons for going there (2) , too. Nowadays they often take their wives or girl- friends, which (3) to be the case. The fact is that the typical English pub is changing, partly (4) the licensing laws not being so strict as they (5) , but also because publicans are trying to (6) away with the old Victorian (7) of the pub and (8) provide couples with an atmosphere where they can both enjoy themselves. Pub used not to open (9) at certain times. The result was that they were usually (10) with men who seemed to be drinking as much as possible in the time (11) . But that kind of pub is rapidly becoming a thing of the past. Curiously enough, the old British licensing laws, which foreigners found so objectionable and absurd, were (12) introduced as a (13) measure to stop workers drinking in the First World War. (14) , the strong Puritanical (15) in Parliament took 16 of the law and (17) it. Opening hours are (18) limited to eight hours a day, but the publican can now choose which hours (19) him best. And these days you can even get a cup of coffee if you prefer (20) beer. But in spite of this the Puritans would never dream of admitting that a pub could become a repeatable place.
专用焊接软电缆是用多股纯铜细丝制成的导线。( )
The 1990s have been designated the Decade Against Drug Abuse by the United Nations. But, (1) less than three years to go before the end of the decade, governments and health organizations (2) that they have made (3) progress in reducing drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse. Today, consumption of all these substances is increasingly steadily worldwide. (4) every country now has problems with (5) drugs. And the world is producing and consuming more alcohol and tobacco than ever. Between 1970 and 1990 beer production (6) rose by over 80 per cent. And, (7) the number of smokers keeps on (8) ,by the second or third (9) of the next century there could be 10 million deaths each year (10) smoking related illnesses.Drugs are also a huge burden (11) the world economy. In the United States, for example, it’s estimated that alcohol and illegal drug use costs the country tens of billions of dollars each year, mainly (12) health care. When the cost of tobacco related illnesses is added, (13) total more than doubles.Drugs are also closely (14) crime. Many police forces no longer (15) between illegal and legal drugs when fighting crime. In Australia, for example, experts (16) that police in some parts of the country spend between 70 and 80 per cent of their time dealing with alcohol-related incidents.One explanation for the increase in drug (17) is simply that people have more money to spend. Tobacco and alcohol companies are now (18) much more on developing countries to take (19) of greater wealth there. And criminals involved in the illegal drug trade are following (20) ,introducing drugs into countries where they were previously hardly use. （14）（）
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