题目内容
Computer and School Education There was a time when parents who wanted an educational present for their children would buy a typewriter, a globe or an encyclopedia set. Now those (51) seem hopelessly old-fashioned; this Christmas, there were a lot of personal computers under the tree. (52) that computers are the key to success, parents are also financially insisting that children (53) taught to use them in school-as early as possible. The problem for schools is that when it (54) computers, parents don’t always know best. Many schools are (55) parental impatience and are purchasing hardware without sound educational planning so they can say, "OK, we’ve moved into the computer age." Teachers found themselves caught in the middle of the problem-between parent pressure and (56) educational decisions. Educators do not even agree (57) how computers should be used. (58) money is going for computerized educational materials (59) research has shown can be taught just as well with pencil and paper. (60) those who believe that all children should have access to computers, warn of potential dangers to the very young. The temptation remains strong largely because young children (61) so well to computers. First graders have been seen willing to work for two hours on math skills. Some have an attention span of 20 minutes. (62) school can afford to go into computing, and creates yet another problem: a division between the haves and have-nots. Very (63) parents are agitating (64) computer instruction in poor school districts, (65) there may be barely enough money to pay the reading teacher.
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The current view of child language development is that it is an instinct. This language instinct is innate. But this prevailing view has not always enjoyed widespread acceptance. In the middle of last century, experts of the time think that "habits" developed as young children were rewarded for repeating language correctly and ignored or punished when they used incorrect forms of language. Over time, a child would learn language much like a dog might learn to behave properly through training. Even though the modern view holds that language is instinctive, Assistant Professor Eliot are convinced that the interaction a child has with his parents and caregivers is crucial to its development. The language of the parents and caregivers acts as models for the developing child. Given that the models parents provide are so important, it is interesting to consider the role of "baby talk" in the child’s language development. Baby talk is the language produced by an adult speaker who is trying to exaggerate certain aspects of the language to capture the attention of a young baby. Dr. Golinkoff believes that babies benefit from baby talk. When using baby talk,people exaggerate their facial expressions, which help the baby to begin to understand what is being communicated. She also notes that the exaggerated nature and repetition of baby talk helps infants to learn the differences hetween sounds. Professor Jusczyk has made a particular study of babies’ ability to recognize sounds. A baby will listen longer to the sounds that occur frequently. An experiment at John Hopkins University, in which researchers went to the homes of 16 nine-month-olds, confirms this view. The researchers arranged their visits for ten days out of a two-week period. During each visit the researcher played an audio tape that included the same three stories. The stories included odd words such as "python" or "hornbill", which were unlikely to be encountered in the babies’ everyday experience. After a couple of weeks, during which nothing was done, the babies listened to two recorded lists of words. The first list included words heard in the story. The second included similar words, but not the exact that were used in the stories. Jusczyk found the babies listened longer to the words that had appeared in the stories, which indicated that the babies had extracted individual words from the story. When a control group of 16 nine-month-olds, who had not heard the stories, listened to the two groups of words, they showed no preference for either list. This does not mean that the babies actually understand the meanings of the words, just the sound pattern. It supports the idea that people have the capacity to learn language since their birth. This ability is enhanced if they are involved in conversation. And significantly, Dr. Eliot reminds parents that babies and toddlers need to feel they are communicating. Clearly, sitting in front of the television is not enough. According to experts, in the middle of last century, ______.
Today, I’ll be talking about the invention of the camera and photography. The camera is often thought to be a modem invention. But as early as 1727, a German physicist (36) that light darkened silver salt, a chemical (37) . Using as a cameras a big box with a small hole to let the light in, he made (38) images on the salt. Silver salt is still the base of film today. Then a French scientist made the first (39) picture by using a special piece of metal (40) with silver salt. A photography he made in 1826 still exists. The painter Dagera (41) on the process by placing common salt, the kind we eat, on the metal This was in 1839, the (42) date of the beginning of photography. But the problem was the (43) of the photographs, And (44) In 1860’s, Matthew Brady was able to take his famous pictures of the American Civil War, thus making portrait poses very popular. In the 20th century, George Eastman of the United States and Edwards Land, (45) . If we say that the photography came into existence in 1839, it follows that (46) .
数学的知识结构与认知结构有什么区别
Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
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