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The International Agency for Research on Cancer declared on Thursday that air pollution is a carcinogen, alongside known dangers such as asbestos, tobacco and ultraviolet radiation. The decision came after a consultation by an expert panel organised by IARC, the cancer agency of the World Health Organisation, which is based in Lyon, France."We consider this to be the most important environmental carcinogen, more so than passive smoking," said Kurt Straif, head of the IARC department that evaluates cancer-causing substances. Air pollution is a complex mixture that includes gases and particulate matter, and IARC said one of its primary risks is the fine particles that can be deposited deep in the lungs of people."These are difficult things for the individual to avoid," he said, observing the worrying dark clouds from nearby factories that he could see from his office window in Lyon. The fact that nearly everyone on the planet is exposed to outdoor pollution could prompt governments and other agencies to adopt stricter controls on spewing fumes. Straif noted that WHO and the European Commission are reviewing their recommended limits on air pollution.The expert panel"s classification was made after scientists analysed more than 1,000 studies worldwide and concluded there was enough evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer. In 2010, IARC said there were more than 220,000 lung cancer deaths worldwide connected to air pollution. The agency also noted a link with a slightly higher risk of bladder cancer.Straif said there were dramatic differences in air quality between cities around the world and that the most polluted metropolises were in China and India, where people frequently don masks on streets to protect themselves. "This is something governments and environmental agencies need to take care of," Straif said. "People can certainly contribute by doing things like not driving a big diesel car, but this needs much wider policies by national and international authorities."Other experts emphasized the cancer risk from pollution for the average person was very low—but virtually unavoidable. "You can choose not to drink or not to smoke, but you can"t control whether or not you"re exposed to air pollution," said Francesca Dominici, a professor of biostatics at Harvard University"s School of Public Health. "You can"t just decide not to breathe," she said. Dominici was not connected to the IARC expert panel.Dominici said scientists are still trying to figure out which bits of pollution are the most lethal and called for a more targeted approach. "The level of ambient pollution in the US is much, much lower than it used to be, but we still find evidence of cancer and birth defects," she said. "The question is: How are we going to clean the air even further" What can be inferred from the last paragraph
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How to Create a Home LibraryA. "I cannot live without books," declared US President Thomas Jefferson to his friend John Adams. Indeed, Jefferson was an obsessive book collector from a young age, amassing (收集) three separate home libraries in his lifetime. The first collection was destroyed when his family home burned down in 1770. When the Library of Congress was destroyed in the War of 1812, Jefferson sold his second collection of about 6,000 books to the federal library. Jefferson"s library was considered the finest in the country, and his collection doubled the holdings of the Library of Congress. Still, Jefferson didn"t let the shelves at Monticello sit empty. By the time he died 11 years later, he had more than 2,000 volumes in his library.B. Jefferson"s library might fit your conception of an old-fashioned home library with leather-bound books, wood paneling and uncomfortable furniture. But home libraries can be a dynamic expression of the owner"s personality. Creating a home library is a fun way to display your interests while establishing a special space for reading.Home library organisationC. When you started using the public library, you probably learned about Melvil Dewey and his system for ordering libraries. The Dewey Decimal Classification System has ten broad categories for organising books, including philosophy, religion and the arts. Each category is assigned a number, so for example, when you want a book on modern art, you head to the 700 block. Larger libraries, such as those at universities, tend to use the Library of Congress Classification System because it offers a more specific array of subjects for categorisation, adding subjects such as medicine and law for a total of 21 categories.D. Your home library may or may not be as large as your local public library, but a good system of organisation will still help you find the book you want quickly. You could take a page from Dewey and the Library of Congress and sort books by subject matter. Sections for subjects such as history, technology or fiction might make their retrieval easier. This system also would allow you to highlight a particular passion, such as an extensive collection of World War Ⅱ history.E. Here are some other ways to organise a collection: 1) Alphabetising by author works well for fiction but not necessarily for nonfiction books of various subjects. 2) Judging a book by its cover is usually frowned upon, but sorting by colour can be aesthetically (从审美上) pleasing to some. Those generally forgetful about the colours of their books might disagree. 3) After a painful breakup, the main character in Nick Homby"s book High Fidelity organises his record collection autobiographically in the order he acquired them. A chronological organisation might include shelves that track the progress of your life, from beloved childhood reading and college textbooks to parenting books. 4) To some readers, there are two ways to look at books: read and unread. Prioritising (区分优先次序) when you might need the book will allow you to keep unread books at the forefront of your collection, as well as books you reach for frequently, such as reference books or favourite novels.Library furnitureF. While it might be difficult for a book lover to spend money on something other than books, at some point, you will need some bookshelves. Built-in bookshelves can provide floor-to-ceiling storage and space savings. They can be tucked under staircases or other out-of-the-way spaces; however, they"re not a good choice for renters, and they can represent a big investment in terms of price and installation. Freestanding bookcases are widely available in a variety of sizes, colours and price points. You can also mount hanging bookshelves onto the wall or buy glass cases, which might be preferable if your collection includes antique books that you want to preserve.G. Sagging poses the main threat to bookshelves. A bookshelf that is 36 inches long should have shelves at least one inch thick. If it"s longer, then it should be thicker so that it won"t droop under the weight. One tip for maximising space on the shelves is to use adjustable bookshelves, so that very small books don"t take up space that can be better used for taller coffee table books. You can also decorate bookshelves with personal items, such as photographs and souvenirs. Not only will this break up the rows of books visually, it will also give you room to expand as your collection grows.H. As your bookshelves creep up the wall, you may need a library ladder to reach them. While any step stool or ladder will do, rolling library ladders add an elegant, whimsical (异想天开的) touch. The ladders attach to the shelf on a tracking rod, and the bottom of the ladder has wheels, so that you can move effortlessly from one end of the library to the other.I. When considering other library furniture, think about how you"ll be using the room. If you"ll be writing and taking notes on your reading, you may want a desk or a lap desk. Desks and bookstands are also helpful for reading those big volumes that are too heavy to hold up comfortably. Overstuffed (加有厚软垫的) couches and chairs will beckon guests to spend a few hours reading, but if you fall asleep as soon as you hit the couch, you may need to consider other options, particularly if you"ll be doing scholarly or professional reading.J. Wherever you"re sitting, it will be hard to enjoy a library if you"re suffering from eye strain, fatigue and headaches, which can all be brought on by poor lighting. When selecting lighting, look for a lamp that will help you see the smallest text you read. The lamp should be positioned over your shoulder, so that the light is not directly in your eyes. Positioning it this way will also help to minimise glare. Your lamp should be brighter than the rest of the room but not that much brighter. However, all light will eventually damage books, so use it at a minimum.Book careK. Do you devour (贪婪) books quickly You"re not the only one. Some insects love books, but not for a good story. Bookworms are not just those readers that have their nose in a book all the time. The more dangerous kind will tunnel through the book, eat the pages and lay eggs in it.L. Once you identify an infestation, isolate the affected books. In some cases, you can seal the books in plastic bags and freeze them to kill the insects. Keeping your library free of excess moisture and dust will help to prevent an attack by these insets and vermin (害虫).M. Controlling moisture and dust doesn"t just keep away the book bugs though. Moisture in the air will also promote the growth of fungus and mold. Mold develops at temperatures greater than 70℉, and with 65 percent relative humidity. Dehumidifiers will suck excess moisture out of the air, moisture that could otherwise lead to loose bindings, stains and mildew. Oppositely, too little humidity can dry out books, so use a humidifier in the drier winter months. Dust is also a magnet for moisture and mildew, so periodically dusting the tops of books will keep them clean.N. In addition to a humidifier, you also might need a fan to keep the library well-ventilated. Books should be stored away from radiators and kept in a room between 60℉ and 70℉. Air conditioners and fans are fine to use to keep the temperature down. Extreme heat will damage books; if heat occurs in a room with low humidity, the fibers in the books will dehydrate, turning the pages fragile. In combination with high humidity, heat creates ideal growing conditions for mold.O. As we mentioned in the last section, lighting can damage books because it leads to bleaching (漂白), fading and eventual deterioration. Natural lighting is the most dangerous. If your library has windows, draw the blinds or curtains to minimise injury. Limiting the intensity of light and duration of exposure will help to preserve the books. You"re advised not to use overstuffed couches and chairs if you are doing scholarly or professional reading in your library.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer declared on Thursday that air pollution is a carcinogen, alongside known dangers such as asbestos, tobacco and ultraviolet radiation. The decision came after a consultation by an expert panel organised by IARC, the cancer agency of the World Health Organisation, which is based in Lyon, France."We consider this to be the most important environmental carcinogen, more so than passive smoking," said Kurt Straif, head of the IARC department that evaluates cancer-causing substances. Air pollution is a complex mixture that includes gases and particulate matter, and IARC said one of its primary risks is the fine particles that can be deposited deep in the lungs of people."These are difficult things for the individual to avoid," he said, observing the worrying dark clouds from nearby factories that he could see from his office window in Lyon. The fact that nearly everyone on the planet is exposed to outdoor pollution could prompt governments and other agencies to adopt stricter controls on spewing fumes. Straif noted that WHO and the European Commission are reviewing their recommended limits on air pollution.The expert panel"s classification was made after scientists analysed more than 1,000 studies worldwide and concluded there was enough evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer. In 2010, IARC said there were more than 220,000 lung cancer deaths worldwide connected to air pollution. The agency also noted a link with a slightly higher risk of bladder cancer.Straif said there were dramatic differences in air quality between cities around the world and that the most polluted metropolises were in China and India, where people frequently don masks on streets to protect themselves. "This is something governments and environmental agencies need to take care of," Straif said. "People can certainly contribute by doing things like not driving a big diesel car, but this needs much wider policies by national and international authorities."Other experts emphasized the cancer risk from pollution for the average person was very low—but virtually unavoidable. "You can choose not to drink or not to smoke, but you can"t control whether or not you"re exposed to air pollution," said Francesca Dominici, a professor of biostatics at Harvard University"s School of Public Health. "You can"t just decide not to breathe," she said. Dominici was not connected to the IARC expert panel.Dominici said scientists are still trying to figure out which bits of pollution are the most lethal and called for a more targeted approach. "The level of ambient pollution in the US is much, much lower than it used to be, but we still find evidence of cancer and birth defects," she said. "The question is: How are we going to clean the air even further" According to Straif, what should people do to improve air quality
How to Create a Home LibraryA. "I cannot live without books," declared US President Thomas Jefferson to his friend John Adams. Indeed, Jefferson was an obsessive book collector from a young age, amassing (收集) three separate home libraries in his lifetime. The first collection was destroyed when his family home burned down in 1770. When the Library of Congress was destroyed in the War of 1812, Jefferson sold his second collection of about 6,000 books to the federal library. Jefferson"s library was considered the finest in the country, and his collection doubled the holdings of the Library of Congress. Still, Jefferson didn"t let the shelves at Monticello sit empty. By the time he died 11 years later, he had more than 2,000 volumes in his library.B. Jefferson"s library might fit your conception of an old-fashioned home library with leather-bound books, wood paneling and uncomfortable furniture. But home libraries can be a dynamic expression of the owner"s personality. Creating a home library is a fun way to display your interests while establishing a special space for reading.Home library organisationC. When you started using the public library, you probably learned about Melvil Dewey and his system for ordering libraries. The Dewey Decimal Classification System has ten broad categories for organising books, including philosophy, religion and the arts. Each category is assigned a number, so for example, when you want a book on modern art, you head to the 700 block. Larger libraries, such as those at universities, tend to use the Library of Congress Classification System because it offers a more specific array of subjects for categorisation, adding subjects such as medicine and law for a total of 21 categories.D. Your home library may or may not be as large as your local public library, but a good system of organisation will still help you find the book you want quickly. You could take a page from Dewey and the Library of Congress and sort books by subject matter. Sections for subjects such as history, technology or fiction might make their retrieval easier. This system also would allow you to highlight a particular passion, such as an extensive collection of World War Ⅱ history.E. Here are some other ways to organise a collection: 1) Alphabetising by author works well for fiction but not necessarily for nonfiction books of various subjects. 2) Judging a book by its cover is usually frowned upon, but sorting by colour can be aesthetically (从审美上) pleasing to some. Those generally forgetful about the colours of their books might disagree. 3) After a painful breakup, the main character in Nick Homby"s book High Fidelity organises his record collection autobiographically in the order he acquired them. A chronological organisation might include shelves that track the progress of your life, from beloved childhood reading and college textbooks to parenting books. 4) To some readers, there are two ways to look at books: read and unread. Prioritising (区分优先次序) when you might need the book will allow you to keep unread books at the forefront of your collection, as well as books you reach for frequently, such as reference books or favourite novels.Library furnitureF. While it might be difficult for a book lover to spend money on something other than books, at some point, you will need some bookshelves. Built-in bookshelves can provide floor-to-ceiling storage and space savings. They can be tucked under staircases or other out-of-the-way spaces; however, they"re not a good choice for renters, and they can represent a big investment in terms of price and installation. Freestanding bookcases are widely available in a variety of sizes, colours and price points. You can also mount hanging bookshelves onto the wall or buy glass cases, which might be preferable if your collection includes antique books that you want to preserve.G. Sagging poses the main threat to bookshelves. A bookshelf that is 36 inches long should have shelves at least one inch thick. If it"s longer, then it should be thicker so that it won"t droop under the weight. One tip for maximising space on the shelves is to use adjustable bookshelves, so that very small books don"t take up space that can be better used for taller coffee table books. You can also decorate bookshelves with personal items, such as photographs and souvenirs. Not only will this break up the rows of books visually, it will also give you room to expand as your collection grows.H. As your bookshelves creep up the wall, you may need a library ladder to reach them. While any step stool or ladder will do, rolling library ladders add an elegant, whimsical (异想天开的) touch. The ladders attach to the shelf on a tracking rod, and the bottom of the ladder has wheels, so that you can move effortlessly from one end of the library to the other.I. When considering other library furniture, think about how you"ll be using the room. If you"ll be writing and taking notes on your reading, you may want a desk or a lap desk. Desks and bookstands are also helpful for reading those big volumes that are too heavy to hold up comfortably. Overstuffed (加有厚软垫的) couches and chairs will beckon guests to spend a few hours reading, but if you fall asleep as soon as you hit the couch, you may need to consider other options, particularly if you"ll be doing scholarly or professional reading.J. Wherever you"re sitting, it will be hard to enjoy a library if you"re suffering from eye strain, fatigue and headaches, which can all be brought on by poor lighting. When selecting lighting, look for a lamp that will help you see the smallest text you read. The lamp should be positioned over your shoulder, so that the light is not directly in your eyes. Positioning it this way will also help to minimise glare. Your lamp should be brighter than the rest of the room but not that much brighter. However, all light will eventually damage books, so use it at a minimum.Book careK. Do you devour (贪婪) books quickly You"re not the only one. Some insects love books, but not for a good story. Bookworms are not just those readers that have their nose in a book all the time. The more dangerous kind will tunnel through the book, eat the pages and lay eggs in it.L. Once you identify an infestation, isolate the affected books. In some cases, you can seal the books in plastic bags and freeze them to kill the insects. Keeping your library free of excess moisture and dust will help to prevent an attack by these insets and vermin (害虫).M. Controlling moisture and dust doesn"t just keep away the book bugs though. Moisture in the air will also promote the growth of fungus and mold. Mold develops at temperatures greater than 70℉, and with 65 percent relative humidity. Dehumidifiers will suck excess moisture out of the air, moisture that could otherwise lead to loose bindings, stains and mildew. Oppositely, too little humidity can dry out books, so use a humidifier in the drier winter months. Dust is also a magnet for moisture and mildew, so periodically dusting the tops of books will keep them clean.N. In addition to a humidifier, you also might need a fan to keep the library well-ventilated. Books should be stored away from radiators and kept in a room between 60℉ and 70℉. Air conditioners and fans are fine to use to keep the temperature down. Extreme heat will damage books; if heat occurs in a room with low humidity, the fibers in the books will dehydrate, turning the pages fragile. In combination with high humidity, heat creates ideal growing conditions for mold.O. As we mentioned in the last section, lighting can damage books because it leads to bleaching (漂白), fading and eventual deterioration. Natural lighting is the most dangerous. If your library has windows, draw the blinds or curtains to minimise injury. Limiting the intensity of light and duration of exposure will help to preserve the books. University libraries usually use the Library of Congress Classification System because it categorises subjects in a more specific way.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer declared on Thursday that air pollution is a carcinogen, alongside known dangers such as asbestos, tobacco and ultraviolet radiation. The decision came after a consultation by an expert panel organised by IARC, the cancer agency of the World Health Organisation, which is based in Lyon, France."We consider this to be the most important environmental carcinogen, more so than passive smoking," said Kurt Straif, head of the IARC department that evaluates cancer-causing substances. Air pollution is a complex mixture that includes gases and particulate matter, and IARC said one of its primary risks is the fine particles that can be deposited deep in the lungs of people."These are difficult things for the individual to avoid," he said, observing the worrying dark clouds from nearby factories that he could see from his office window in Lyon. The fact that nearly everyone on the planet is exposed to outdoor pollution could prompt governments and other agencies to adopt stricter controls on spewing fumes. Straif noted that WHO and the European Commission are reviewing their recommended limits on air pollution.The expert panel"s classification was made after scientists analysed more than 1,000 studies worldwide and concluded there was enough evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer. In 2010, IARC said there were more than 220,000 lung cancer deaths worldwide connected to air pollution. The agency also noted a link with a slightly higher risk of bladder cancer.Straif said there were dramatic differences in air quality between cities around the world and that the most polluted metropolises were in China and India, where people frequently don masks on streets to protect themselves. "This is something governments and environmental agencies need to take care of," Straif said. "People can certainly contribute by doing things like not driving a big diesel car, but this needs much wider policies by national and international authorities."Other experts emphasized the cancer risk from pollution for the average person was very low—but virtually unavoidable. "You can choose not to drink or not to smoke, but you can"t control whether or not you"re exposed to air pollution," said Francesca Dominici, a professor of biostatics at Harvard University"s School of Public Health. "You can"t just decide not to breathe," she said. Dominici was not connected to the IARC expert panel.Dominici said scientists are still trying to figure out which bits of pollution are the most lethal and called for a more targeted approach. "The level of ambient pollution in the US is much, much lower than it used to be, but we still find evidence of cancer and birth defects," she said. "The question is: How are we going to clean the air even further" Why did some experts say that cancer risk from pollution cannot be avoided by average person
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