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The Anti- Alcohol Campaign Tries in Russia Last week Russian President Dmitry Medvedev kicked off a new anti - alcohol campaign aimed at cutting the nation’s per capita consumption of alcohol by nearly a quarter by 2012. Russians currently drink about 18 liters (19 quarts) a year, more than double the 8 liters (8.4 quarts) deemed safe by the World Health Organization (WHO). With each additional liter, adds the WHO, men can subtract 11 months from their average life expectancy. The latest move consists of three parts: a media campaign, restrictions on beer consumption, and strict penalties for selling to minors. Russian officials plan to set up more than 500 health centers by the end of the year, complete with Soviet - era tactics like drawings of cimlosis (肝硬化) - stricken livers on their walls. Even with such aggressive measures, it’ s hardly the most ambitious campaign Russians has ever launched against drinking. Former leader Mikhail Gorbachev got alcohol sales to decline by 60 percent. Three years ago, a group of young Russians organized a sort of Vigilante (治安维持会成员)vice squad to single out and shame merchants who sold alcohol to minors. Supported by the Moscow city administration, the Solar Circle movement, as they called themselves, held rallies, and slapped leaflets on the shop doors of guilty establishments. They piqued (激起，激发) media interest at first, but the momentum soon fizzled (渐停，夭折). Some critics say that, while admirable: it hardly addresses the biggest culprit of all: vodka. "The main problem is the availability of hard liquor," says Aleksandr Nemtsov, a top Russian expert on alcohol policy. Some 70 percent of alcohol consumption in Russia is of the hard stuff, primarily vodka. One attempt, tried in the mid - 1990s, substituted beer as a less intoxicating non - liquor alternative. Instead, "beer has become a gateway opening the way to alcoholism for teenagers," says Oleg Zykov, a member of the Public Chamber. The earlier people start down that route, the more likely they are to end up grappling with (尽力解决) alcoholism problems later. Still, for now, Russians seem to support the government’ s new approach. As the National Center for the Study of Public Opinion reported last week, 65 percent of the population say they are in favor of the new measures - especially those that restrict alcohol sales to those under 21. (Right now, the drinking age is 18. ) What amount of drinking is perceived as safe for human health
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In the United States, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many other cultures children are expected to care (51) their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who (52) with their parents reach 65 to 70 percent. In Thailand, too, children are expected to care for their elderly parents ;few Thai elderly live (53) . What explains these differences in living arrangements (54) cultures Modernization theory (55) the extended family household to low levels of economic development. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their children in large extended family units for economic reasons. But with modernization, children move to urban areas, leaving old people behind in (56) rural areas. Yet modernization theory cannot explain why extended family households were never common in the United States or England, or why families in Italy, which is fully modemized, (57) a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain (58) living arrangements. Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritance patterns. In some cultures, the stem family pattem of inheritance predominates. (59) this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then (60) their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws, as well as broader social changes brought (61) by industrialization and urbanization, have (62) the tradition. In 1960about 80 percent of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60 percent did - a figure that is still high (63) U.S. standards, but which has been (64) steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are (65) : the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined from 77 percent in 1984 to 50 percent just 10 years later. Although most elderly Koreans still expect to live with a son, their adult children do not expect to live with their children when they grow old.
Marriage Linked With Better Sleep Marriage may improve your sleep, and better sleep may improve your marriage, two new studies suggest. Women who are married or who have stable partners appear to sleep better than women who have never married or lost a panner, according to research from an eight - year study presented at the Associated Professional Sleep Societies annual meeting. They also found that marital (婚姻的)happiness lowers the risk of sleep problems, while marital conflict heightens the risk. Although married women overall slept more soundly than unmarried women, the researchers, from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, did identify a "newlywed" effect. Women who were single at the start of the study but gained a partner had more restless sleep than women who were akeady married. The researchers speculated that newly married women were less adjusted to sleeping with their partner than those who had been married longer. The study included 360 middle - aged African--American, Caucasian and Chinese. American women who had taken part in the Study of Women’ s Health Across the Nation. Researchers used in--home sleep studies, activity monitors to track sleep--wake patterns and relationship histories to look at the effect stable marriages, unstable marriages and marital transitions, such as a divorce, had on sleep. Another small study of 29 couples found that on a daily basis, the quality of a couple’ s relationship and the quality of their sleep are closely linked. In that study, from the University of Arizona, 29 heterosexual (异性的) couples who shared a bed and did not have children completed sleep and relationship diaries for a week. The results showed that when men get better sleep, they are more likely to feel positive about their relationship the next day. And for women, problems in the relationship were Strongly associated with poor sleep for both themselves and their partner. "When we look at the data on a day - by - day basis, there seems to be a vicious cycle in which sleep affects next day relationship functioning, and relationship functioning affects the subsequent night’s sleep," said principal investigator Brant Hasler, a clinical psychology doctoral candidate at the University of Arizona, in a press release. "In this cycle, conflict with one’ s partner during the day leads to worse sleep that night, which leads to more conflict the following day. " The data from both studies suggest that sleep and relationship happiness are closely linked. The lesson for couples, especially those who are struggling with problems, is that paying attention to sleep habits may help solve other issues in the relationship. An eight - year study shows that, compared with women who have never been married or lost a partner, women who are married
Chocolate to Live For! A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2003 reported that dark chocolate may lower your blood pressure. Researchers at the University of Cologne studied men and women who were recently diagnosed with mild high blood pressure. Half were given 100g (fabout 3.5 ounces) of dark chocolate per day and half were given white chocolate. After only two weeks systolic (收缩的) blood pressure decreased on average by five points and diastolic (以及舒张的) blood pressure by two points in those consuming dark chocolate, but not those consuming white chocolate. In a similar study, researchers from Italy reported in the American Heart Association journal Hypertension that 3.5 ounces of dark chocolate for one week lowered systolic blood pressure by 12 points and diastolic blood pressure by 8.5 points when blood pressure was monitored continuously for 24 hours. Insulin (胰岛素) sensitivity and LDL cholesterol also improved. No benefits were seen with white chocolate. Another study published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology found that chocolate may help repair damage to smokers’ blood vessels, at least temporarily. why Chocolate increases your body’ s production of nitric oxide (一氧化氮), a powerful substance that causes your blood vessels to relax and dilate. This, in turn, causes an increase in blood flow and a decrease in blood pressure--like opening a water spigot (水龙头). A study published in July in the Journal of the American Medical Association reported that just 30 calories per day of dark chocolate lowered blood pressure and increased nitric oxide production after 18 weeks. Nitric oxide is also stimulated by drugs such as Viagra and Levitra, which increase blood flow to the penis and enhance erections. This may be one of the reasons why chocolate has had a long reputation as an aphrodisiac (壮阳药). Casanova (卡萨诺瓦) is said to have considered it as his "favorite breakfast dish. " Chocolate also contains phenylethylamine (苯乙胺), which research suggests is a stimulant that is released when you’ re interacting with someone intimately. What is nitric oxide according to the passage
以下各项中，（）不是数据报操作的特点。
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