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在托尔曼的迷宫实验中，白鼠在没有获得强化前，学习已经发生了变化，这种现象称为____。
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教育心理学初创时期的时间大致为____。
[A] A millionaire may describe his "just-right" wife as charming, beautiful, sexy, intelligent, and well developed. On the other hand, a poor man may define his "just-right" wife as pleasing, attractive, desirable, knowledgeable, and shapely. Both men describe their just-right wife with the game physical qualities, but use different words. The millionaire"s definition of the just- right wife is more elegant, whereas the poor man"s definition is a more common, everyday description.[B] Men from all nationalities also have their definition of the just-right wife. For example; the Italian man describes his wife as a woman who stands six feet one-inch tall with blonde hair and blue eyes, and who is well developed in the upper portion of her body. On the other band, the French man may describe his ideal wife as a woman who stands only five feet three inches with brown hair and green eyes, and who is moderately built.[C] On the other hand, the fat man defines his just-right wife as a woman who gets up at eight o"clock in the morning, takes the children to McDonald’s for breakfast, and drops them off at school. Then she comes back home and lies on the couch watching soap operas all day, children "have to walk home from school in the afternoon. When they arrive at home, she instructs them to clean the house, do the laundry, and fix some hotdogs for dinner. Both men define their just-right wife with qualities that they admire by themselves.[D] Although some men define the just, fight wife by her physical qualities, other men describe their just-fight wife as a woman who loves to fish, to camp, to hunt, and to water ski, whereas the inside sportsman may define his just-fight wife as a woman who enjoys watching football, basketball, baseball, and wrestling. Both of these men define their just-right wife by her sports qualities but in two different atmospheres.[E] Still, there are other men who have their own definitions of the just-right wife. For instance, consider the fit man and the fat man. The fit man may describe his just-right wife as a woman who gets up every workday morning at six o"clock and runs two or three miles. After running, she prepares breakfast, washes the dishes, takes the children to school, and then goes to work. After work, she arrives at home, washes a couple loads of laundry, goes to exercise class, picks up the children from school on her way home, and then cooks dinner. After dinner, she deans the kitchen, bathes the children, and puts them to bed.[F] In addition to these men’s definitions of the just-right wife, the bachelor also has a definition. He says that the just-fight wife is someone else’s wife. He picks her up in a bar, takes her to his house, and takes her name in the morning. The bachelor has no real definition of the just- fight wife. That is why he is still a bachelor.[G] For years men and women have been getting married. They say their wedding vows which bring them together as one. They promise to love and cherish each other until death do them part. When a man and a woman get married, it is one of the biggest decisions they will make in life. A man may select a woman because he, in his own eyes, sees her as the just-right wife for him. Every man has his own definition of what the "just-right" wife is. For instance, the millionaire man and the poor man both may define their just-right wife according to her physical qualities.
One of the odd things about some business organizations is that they spend so much money to lure new customers and spend so little to keep them after they"ve been landed. It just doesn"t make sense. Taking customers for granted is routine in some larger organizations, where mere bigness generates an attitude of indifference.Loyal customers are an organization"s only protection against bankruptcy, and losing them because of neglect or indifference is downright sinful. Not only do satisfied customers continue to fatten the till, they often encourage others to buy. This is advertising that doesn"t cost a penny. And although there are always problems in giving good service to customers, maintaining their patronage (光顾) isn"t all that difficult. It"s a matter of attitude, of believing that everyone who buys from you is entitled to the best treatment you can deliver. Plus giving just a little morethan you have to.We said there are always problems in giving good service to customers. The reason, of course, is that no organization is perfect, and there"s many a slip: unreasonable delays in filling orders, shipping the wrong merchandise, failing to answer letters promptly, and so on.Sometimes these errors or failures can"t be helped. For example, if you can"t get parts because of material shortages or a transportation strike, customers may be denied the goods they"veordered. And not infrequently the customer is to blame--for example, failing to clearly identify the article or servjce required.Yet no matter who is at fault, customers whom you value highly should generally be given the benefit of the doubt. Note that we said "customers whom you value highly." The old saying (格言) goes that all customers should be treated alike is a myth. Customers who repeatedly place large orders and pay for them will naturally, get more attention than those who buy infrequently and have to be badgered to pay what they owe. However, you have to make the assumption that all customers are good unless proved otherwise. What does the author imply in the sentence“The old saw that all customers should be treatedalike is a myth”______
Everyone has heard of the San Andreas fault, which constantly threatens California and the West Coast with earth- quakes. But how many people know about the equally serious New Madrid fault in Missouri."Between December of 1811 and February of 1812, three major earthquakes occurred, all centered around the town of New Madrid, Missouri, on the Mississippi River. Property damage was severe.Buildings in the area were almost dest oyed. Whole forests fell at once, and huge cracks opened in the ground, allowing smell of sulfur to filter upward.The Mississippi River itself completely changed character, developing sudden rapids and whirlpools. Several times it changed its course, and once, according to some observers, it actually appeared to run backwards. Few people were killed in the New Madrid earthquakes, probably simply because few people lived in the area in 1811; but the severity of the earth- quakes are shown by the fact that the shock waves rang bells in church towers in Charleston, South Carolina, on the coast. Buildings shook in New York City, and clocks were stopped in Washington D.C. Scientists now know that America"s two major faults are essentially different. The San Andreas is a horizontal boundary between two major land masses that are slowly moving in opposite directions. California earthquakes result when the movement of these two masses suddenly lurches forward.The New Madrid fault, on the other hand, is a vertical fault; at some point, possibly hundreds of millions of years ago, rock was pushed up toward the surface, probably by volcanoes under the surface. Suddenly, the volcanoes cooled and the rock collapsed, leaving huge cracks. Even now", the rock continues to settle downwards, and sudden sinking motions trigger earthquakes in the region. The fault itself, a large crack in this layer of rock, with dozens of other cracks that split off from it, extends from northeast Arkansas through Missouri and into southern Illinois.Scientists who have studied the New Madrid fault say there have been numerous smaller quakes in the area since 1811; these smaller quakes indicate that larger ones are probably coming, but rite scientists say they have no method of predicting when a large earthquake will occur. We may conclude from the passage that ______.
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