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Like all animal species, plant species must spread their offspring to suitable areaswhere they can grow and pass on their parent’s genes. Young animals generally spread (1) ______by walking or flying. Because plants don’t have that ability, they may somehow (2) ______hitchhike. Some plant seeds scatter by blowing in the wind or floating on water. Many other plant species, though, trick an animal into carrying their seeds. How dothey do They enclose them within a tasty fruit and advertise the fruit’s ripeness byits color or smell. The hungry animal collects and swallows the fruit, walks orflies off, but later spits out the seeds somewhere far from its parent tree. Seeds (3) ______can thereby be carried thousands of miles. It may surprise you to learn that plant (4) ______seeds can resist digestion. In fact, some seeds actually require passage through ananimal’s body before they can grow. Wild strawberries offer a good example ofhitchhiking tactic. When strawberry seeds are still young and not yet ready to be (5) ______ planted, the surrounding fruit is green, sour, and hard. When the seeds final mature, (6) ______ the berries turn red, sweet, and tender. The change in the berries’ color serves asa signal to birds which then eat the strawberries, fly off, and eventually spitout the seeds. Naturally, strawberry plants doesn’t set out with a conscious intent (7) ______of attracting birds only when their seeds were ready to be dispersed away. Nor (8) ______did birds set out with the intent of planting strawberries. Rather, strawberry plantsevolved through natural selection. The sweeter and reder the final strawberry, the (9) ______more birds spread its ripe seeds; the greener and more sour the young strawberry,the birds destroyed the seeds by eating berries before the seeds were ready. (10) ______

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In November 1965, New York was blacked out by an electricity failure. The authorities promised that it would not happen again. Pessimists (悲观者) were certain that it would occur again within five years at the latest. In July 1977, there was a repeat performance which produced varying degrees of chaos throughout the city of eight million people. In 1965, the failure occurred in the cool autumn and at a time of comparative prosperity. In 1977, the disaster was much more serious bemuse it came when unemployment was high and the city was suffering from one of its worst heat waves.In 1965, there was little crime of looting (抢劫) during the darkness, and fewer than a hundred people were arrested. In 1977, hundreds of stores were broken into and looted. Looters smashed shop windows and helped themselves to loot jewelry, clothes or television sets. Nearly 4,000 people were arrested but far more disappeared into the darkness of the night. The number of policemen available was quite inadequate and they wisely refrained (抑制) from using their guns against mobs (暴徒) which far outnumbered them and included armed men.Hospitals had to treat hundreds of people cut by glass from the shop windows. Banks and most businesses remained closed the next day. The blackout started at 9: 30 p. m., when lightning hit and knocked out vital cables. Many stores were thus caught by surprise.The vast majority of New Yorkers, however, were not involved in looting. They helped strangers, distributed candles and batteries, and tried to survive in a nightmare world without traffic lights, refrigerators, elevators, water and electrical power. For twenty-four hours, New York realized how helpless it was without electricity. From the first paragraph, who thought the electricity failure wouldn’t occur again()

A. The authorities.
B. The pessimists.
C. Both A and B.
D. Neither A nor B.

You’d better not judge a person by his appearance; he is not so (ignore)()as you might suppose.

When it rains heavily, the soil (wash away)()easily.

How to Write an AbstractThe rules for writing an abstract (摘要) are almost the same to those for writing the summary of an investigation report. In an abstract you make an outline of the problem and the purpose of your investigation, mention very briefly how you conducted the investigation or tests, describe your main findings, and make the conclusions. All these must be done in as few words as possible: ideally, your abstract will be about 125 words long and never more than 250 words.From the abstract, readers must be able to decide whether the information you provide in the scientific paper or report is particularly interesting to them and whether they should read further. Because a scientific paper is written for readers who generally are familiar with your technical or scientific discipline (学科), you may use technical terminology (术语) in the abstract. The abstract should be written last, when the Whole paper has been written, so that you can make an abstract of the brief details you need from what you have already written. What should be contained in the abstract Outline, purpose, method,()and conclusions.

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