题目内容
According to the passage, what is Wendy Uhlmann's attitude toward genetic testing？
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Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies--and other creatures--learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.
听力原文： We can read of things that happened 5000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the word where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas—legends handed down from one generation to another. (29)These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did.
(30) Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian people now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2000 years ago.
But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.
(31) Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. (31)Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.
(30)
A．She'll get the things the man needs.B．Sally wants to go to the bookstore too.C．There
听力原文：W: (22) In Britain we are often told that people are leaving the big cities to live in the countryside but is this the case worldwide？
M: Not at all. (22)If you look at the biggest cities in 1950, seven out of the top ten were in the developed countries. However, by the year 2000, the developing countries will have eight out of the top ten. (22) (23)New York, which in 1950 was number one with a population of around 12 million, will only be the sixth largest city in the world with an extra of 2 million.
W: And London？
M: London, which was number two, won't even be in the top ten. Its population iii 1950 was about 10 million.
W: Why is this happening？ Why are people moving to the big cities from the country in developing countries？
M: Tile reasons are complex but many are moving to look for jobs. And the problems this creates are enormous. (24) Just imagine the kinds of difficulties this is going to cause in terms of health, transport and education.
W: Yes. What about tile cities of Asia？ Will they be experiencing a similar sort of growth？
M: In some cases, yes. Calcutta in India which was No. 10 in the league iii 1950 is expected to be the fourth biggest city in the world with a population of 16 million, four times in its size ill just 50 years.
W: What about Japan？
M: Ah! Well, Tokyo was number three in 1950; at the beginning of the next century, its population will increase by 18 million, three times of the year 1950. (25)Looking at the other major cities in Asia, Shanghai and Seoul will be in the top ten as well but, perhaps surprisingly, not Beijing or Hong Kong.
(26)
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