How efficient is our system of criminal trial Does it really do the basic job we ask of it—convicting the guilty and acquitting the innocent It is often said that the British trail system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice. The lawyers on each side are so engrossed in playing hard to win, challenging each other and the judge on technical points, that the object of finding out the truth is almost forgotten. All the effort is concentrated on the big day, on the dramatic cross examination of the key witnesses in front of the jury. Critics like to compare our "adversarial" system (resembling two adversaries engaged in a con test) with the continental "inquisitorial" system, under which the judge plays a more important inquiring role.In early times, in the Middle Ages, the systems of trial across Europe were similar. At that time trial by "ordeal" —especially a religious event—was the main way of testing guilt or innocence. When this way eventually abandoned the two systems parted company. On the continent church-trained legal officials took over the function of both prosecuting and judging, while in England these were largely left to lay people, the Justice of the Peace and the jurymen who were illiterate and this meant that all the evidence had to be put to them orally. This historical accident dominates procedure even today, with all evidence being given in open court by word of mouth on the crucial day.On the other hand, in France for instance, all the evidence is written before the trial under supervision by an investigating judge. This exhaustive pretrial looks very undramatic; much of it is just a public checking of the written records already gathered.The Americans adopted the British system lock, stock and barrel and enshrined it in their constitution. But, while the basic features of our systems are common, there are now significant differences in the way serious cases are handled. First, because the U. S. A. has virtually no contempt of court laws to prevent pretrial publicity in the newspaper and on television, Americans lawyers are allowed to question jurors about knowledge and beliefs.In Britain this is virtually never allowed, and a random selection of jurors who are presumed not to be prejudiced are empanelled. Secondly, there is no separate profession of barrister in the United States, and both prosecution and defense lawyers who are to present cases in court prepare themselves. They go out and visit the scene, track down and interview witnesses, and familiarize themselves personally with the background. In Britain it is the solicitor who prepares the case, and the barrister who appears in court is not even allowed to meet witness beforehand. British barristers also alternate doing both prosecution and defense work. Being kept distant from the preparation and regularly appearing for both sides, barristers are said to avoid becoming too personally involved, and can approach cases more dispassionately. American lawyers, however, often know their cases better.Reformers rightly want to learn from other countries’ mistakes and successes. But what is clear is that justice systems, largely because they are the result of long historical growth, are peculiarly difficult to adapt piecemeal. Which of the following sentences is NOT true()
A. Oral evidence was unnecessary in France because the judges and prosecutors could read.
B. When trial by ordeal was finally abandoned throughout Europe, trial by jury was introduced in Britain.
C. In the adversarial system, it is the lawyers who play the leading roles.
D. Lawyers in Britain are prepared to lie in order to win their cases.
It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives, (21) about the future. These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories, (22) is their purpose merely to make conversation. The old person’s recollections of the past help to (23) an identity that is becoming increasingly fragile: (24) any role that brings respect or any goal that might provide (25) to the future, the individual mentions their past as a reminder to listeners, that here was a life (26) living. (27) , the memories form part of a continuing life (28) , in which the old person (29) the events and experiences of the years gone by and (30) on the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life.As the life cycle (31) to its close, the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own impending (即将发生的) death. (32) this task is made difficult by the fact that death is almost a (33) subject in the United States. The mere discussion of death is often regarded as (34) . As adults many of us find the topic frightening and are (35) to think about it—and certainly not to talk about it (36) the presence of someone who is dying. Death has achieved this taboo (37) only in the modern industrial societies. There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance to (38) the idea of death. It is the very fact that death remains (39) our control; it is almost the only one of the natural processes (40) is so. 36().
A. taboo
B. dispute
C. contempt
D. neglect