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Painting with a knife is a bit like putting butter on bread and produces quite a (1) result to a brush. Painting knives are excellent for producing textured, impasto work and (2) areas of flat colour.What’s the difference between a palette knife and a painting knifeA palette knife is a long, straight spatula that is used (3) mixing paints and scraping a palette clean. They’re made from metal, plastic, or wood and (4) either be completely straight or have a slightly bent handle. A painting knife has (5) large crank in the handle, which takes your hand away from the painting surface. They (6) in numerous shapes(for example pear-, diamond-, or trowel-shaped) and are used for painting (7) of a brush. The edge of the knife is blunt, so that it doesn’t cut the (8) .·What shape of painting knife should I useDifferent shaped painting knives produce different effects. For example, a short blade produces angular strokes (9) a long blade makes it easy to put down sweeps of colour.·Why can’t I use a palette knife to paint withYou can. Painting (10) just have the advantage of coming in more angular shapes and with sharper points. And (11) larger crank in the handle means there’s less chance of rubbing your knuckles into wet (12) . If you’re unsure whether you’re going to enjoy painting with a knife, first buy a (13) , plastic palette knife and experiment a bit with this before upgrading to a wood-and-metal knife.·How do I use painting knife(14) the handle firmly so you’re got good control. Pick up some paint off your palette (15) the tip, as you’d pick up some butter with a knife. Use the side of the (16) to spread paint across your canvas, or press it onto the canvas, as you (17) spread butter across a slice of bread．It’ll seem strange at first as it’s quite (18) to using a brush. Using just the tip of the blade will produce small dots. (19) the edge of the knife down will produce fine lines. Pressing the blade flat down (20) the paint will produce ridges. Scrape back into the paint to reveal underlying layers (called sgraffito). （12）处填入（）。
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Painting with a knife is a bit like putting butter on bread and produces quite a (1) result to a brush. Painting knives are excellent for producing textured, impasto work and (2) areas of flat colour.What’s the difference between a palette knife and a painting knifeA palette knife is a long, straight spatula that is used (3) mixing paints and scraping a palette clean. They’re made from metal, plastic, or wood and (4) either be completely straight or have a slightly bent handle. A painting knife has (5) large crank in the handle, which takes your hand away from the painting surface. They (6) in numerous shapes(for example pear-, diamond-, or trowel-shaped) and are used for painting (7) of a brush. The edge of the knife is blunt, so that it doesn’t cut the (8) .·What shape of painting knife should I useDifferent shaped painting knives produce different effects. For example, a short blade produces angular strokes (9) a long blade makes it easy to put down sweeps of colour.·Why can’t I use a palette knife to paint withYou can. Painting (10) just have the advantage of coming in more angular shapes and with sharper points. And (11) larger crank in the handle means there’s less chance of rubbing your knuckles into wet (12) . If you’re unsure whether you’re going to enjoy painting with a knife, first buy a (13) , plastic palette knife and experiment a bit with this before upgrading to a wood-and-metal knife.·How do I use painting knife(14) the handle firmly so you’re got good control. Pick up some paint off your palette (15) the tip, as you’d pick up some butter with a knife. Use the side of the (16) to spread paint across your canvas, or press it onto the canvas, as you (17) spread butter across a slice of bread．It’ll seem strange at first as it’s quite (18) to using a brush. Using just the tip of the blade will produce small dots. (19) the edge of the knife down will produce fine lines. Pressing the blade flat down (20) the paint will produce ridges. Scrape back into the paint to reveal underlying layers (called sgraffito). （10）处填入（）。
Passage FourAmericans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education-not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find."Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual," says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance." Razitch’s latest bock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shortis, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.""Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: "We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing." Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Firm exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise." What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school ？（）
Painting with a knife is a bit like putting butter on bread and produces quite a (1) result to a brush. Painting knives are excellent for producing textured, impasto work and (2) areas of flat colour.What’s the difference between a palette knife and a painting knifeA palette knife is a long, straight spatula that is used (3) mixing paints and scraping a palette clean. They’re made from metal, plastic, or wood and (4) either be completely straight or have a slightly bent handle. A painting knife has (5) large crank in the handle, which takes your hand away from the painting surface. They (6) in numerous shapes(for example pear-, diamond-, or trowel-shaped) and are used for painting (7) of a brush. The edge of the knife is blunt, so that it doesn’t cut the (8) .·What shape of painting knife should I useDifferent shaped painting knives produce different effects. For example, a short blade produces angular strokes (9) a long blade makes it easy to put down sweeps of colour.·Why can’t I use a palette knife to paint withYou can. Painting (10) just have the advantage of coming in more angular shapes and with sharper points. And (11) larger crank in the handle means there’s less chance of rubbing your knuckles into wet (12) . If you’re unsure whether you’re going to enjoy painting with a knife, first buy a (13) , plastic palette knife and experiment a bit with this before upgrading to a wood-and-metal knife.·How do I use painting knife(14) the handle firmly so you’re got good control. Pick up some paint off your palette (15) the tip, as you’d pick up some butter with a knife. Use the side of the (16) to spread paint across your canvas, or press it onto the canvas, as you (17) spread butter across a slice of bread．It’ll seem strange at first as it’s quite (18) to using a brush. Using just the tip of the blade will produce small dots. (19) the edge of the knife down will produce fine lines. Pressing the blade flat down (20) the paint will produce ridges. Scrape back into the paint to reveal underlying layers (called sgraffito). （15）处填入（）。
Directions:In this part there are 4 passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer. Mark your choice on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Passage OneChildren live in a world in which science has tremendous importance. During their lifetimes it will affect them more and more. In time, many of them will work at jobs that depend heavily on science—for example, concerning energy sources, pollution control, highway safety, wilderness conservation, and population growth, and population growth. As taxpayers they will pay for scientific research and exploration. And, as consumers, they will Be bombarded(受到轰击) by advertising, much of which is said to be based on science.Therefore, it is important that children, the citizens of the future, become functionally acquainted with science-with the process and spirit of science, as well as with its facts and principles. Fortunately, science has a natural appeal for youngsters. They can relate it to so many things that they encounter—flashlights, tools, echoes, and rainbows. Besides, science is an excellent medium for teaching far more than content. It can help pupils learn to think logically, to organize and analyse ideas. It can provide practice in communication skills and mathematics. In fact, there is no area of the curriculum to which science cannot contribute, whether it is geography, history, language arts, music, or art!Above all, good science teaching leads to what might be called a "scientific attitude." Those who possess it seek answers through ohserving, experimenting, and reasoning, rather than blindly accepting the pronouncements of others. They weigh evidence carefully and reach conclusions with caution. While respecting the opinions of others, they expect honesty, accuracy, and objectivity and are on guard against hasty judgments and sweeping generalizations. All children should be developing this approach to solving problems, butit cannot be expected to appear automatically with the mere acquisition of information. Continual practice, through guided participation, is needed. Pupils can learn logical thinking while （）.
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