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In New Zealand Christmas Day itself is observed much the same way as it is in the United States and Europe. (61) There are some concessions to the reversed seasons, however, for Christmas down under comes in midsummer. On the New Zealand Christmas dinner menu, for instance, plum pudding is almost invariably flanked by fruit salad, ice cream, and fresh summer fruits such as strawberries and raspberries. In New Zealand Christmas is preeminently the season for reaffirming goodwill and friendship for the gathering and reunion of friends and families. For several weeks before December 25th, New Zealanders crowd the shops and department stores looking for presents for their families and close friends, and greeting cards for less intimate acquaintances. (62) The big stores each have a professional Santa Claus, white-bearded, red-mantled, black-booted, perspiringly presiding over a "Magic Cave" or a "Toyland", and solemnly noting the Christmas Eve requirements of hundreds of excited children. Christmas Eve is much the same in New Zealand as it is in other countries. A last feverish flurry of shopping is made possible by a special late night in the stores, and then families and friends may foregather for a Christmas Eve party at home. There are few homes in which children do not carefully hang up their stockings for Santa Claus to fill with toys and candies. There are midnight services at the churches, for those who bear in mind the original significance of Christmas, and special broadcasts of Christmas programs on the radio network. (63) Christmas carol-singing has also been inherited from the Old World, and in some towns on Christmas Eve. "Carols by Candlelight" are held in suitable settings outdoors. Christmas carols often usher in Christmas Day in New Zealand. (64) Perhaps the most popular and most regular carollers are members of the Salvation Army, whose melodious rendering of the well-loved old Christmas hymns wakens many New Zealanders to the Feast of the Nativity. (65) New Zealanders spend their Christmas Day with the friendly greetings, the gifts-and especially the toys for the children-and the sumptuous family dinner which is the center-piece of this day over the world. Christmas dinner in New Zealand usually includes poultry of some sort--turkey, chicken, duck or goose-meat joints such as lamb, pork, beef, or mutton, new season’s peas and potatoes, and other vegetables, mince pies, plum pudding, and the rest of traditional fare inherited from New Zealand’s British ancestry. But in most homes dishes more suitable to summer weather are added to or substituted on the menu. There are salads, cold poultry, fresh fruit and cold sweet dishes.
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If you smoke-particularly cigarettes-you are far more likely than a non-smoker to suffer or die from several major diseases-notably lung cancer.One smoker in four dies prematurely (过早的) because of his smoking. The risk of dy-ing for a heavy smoker (between the ages of 35 and 55) is roughly equal to the risk run by a non-smoker 10 years older.Cigarette smoking-and to a lesser degree pipe and cigar smoking--may aggravate (使恶化) or be partly responsible for the development of a wide variety of other diseases, which include cancers of the mouth and throat, peptic ulcers (胃溃疡), and loss of teeth.(78) Women who smoke during pregnancy produce babies on average about 5 to 8 ounces lighter than those who don’t. Take lung cancer for example.Britain’s lung cancer figures are the highest in the world, and still rising. Ninety peo-ple die every day, 33,000 in 1969. Almost all these deaths can be attributed directly to to-bacco smoking. (79) The prospects of a cure for lung cancer are, at present, remote, and it is impossible to estimate when, if ever, someone will find one. You would be foolish to rely on someone finding a cure before you needed it.One man in eight who die between the ages of 35 and 64 is killed by lung cancer. The figures for women in this age group are lower, about 1 in 20. This is partly because women smoke less, and have not smoked as long. But the figures are still very high. Women who smoke during pregnancy produce______.
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The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the market place for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of business men to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a maket-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers wil be eliminated from the market. If, on other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by sellers. Price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system. The important actor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own poductive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. What are the private businessmen striving to do
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