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Text 4
Queuse are long. Life is short. So why waste time waiting when you can pay someone to do it for you？ In Washington D. C. - a city that struggles with more than its share of bureaucratic prac- tices - a small industry is emerging that will queue for you to get everything from a driver's license to a seat in a congressional hearing.
Michael Dorsey,one of the pioneering" service expediters" ,began going to traffic courts for other people back in 1988. Today his fees start at $ 20 and can go into the thousands to plead indi- vidual cases at the Bureau of Traffic Adjudication(his former employer) . Mr. Dorsey knows what a properly written parking ticket looks like,and often gets fines invalidated on its failures in formali- ty. His clients include congressmen and diplomats,as well as firms for which tickets are an occupa- tional hazard,such as taxi operators and television broadcasters.
Service expediters are not universally loved. Non-tax income,like fines and fees,makes up a-bout 7% of local-government revenue in Washington. Mr. Dorsey alone relieves that fund of $ 150,000 a year. Meanwhile ,citizen advocacy groups keep complaining about expediters such as the Con-gressional Services Company and CVK Group that specialise in saving places for congressional hearings. Committees hearing hot topics such as energy regulation often do not have enough seats.Why should a well-heeled lobbyist who has paid $ 30 an hour to a professional place-holder grab the place？ Critics say this perpetuates a two-layered system:the rich get good government service, but the poor still have to wait.
This seems a little harsh. Service expeditors can hardly be blamed for creating the unfair system they profit from. Anyway ,it's not only rich corporate types who benefit from their services. Poor foreigners with little English hire expediters to navigate the ticket-fighting process; so do elderly and disabled people who want to save time on errands that require long hours standing in line.
And ,who knows ,the service expediters might even shame the bureaucrats into pulling their socks up. Back in 1999,Washington's mayor ,Tony Williams ,promised to liberate citizens from the tyranny of the government queue. Things have gotten a bit better, but the 20-minute task of renewing a driver's license can still take days. Hiring an expert to confront the bureaucratic beast on your behalf takes care of that.
56. What is the new business which emerged in Washington D. C. ？
[ A] Helping to establish small industries.
[ B] Making false tickets and driver's licenses.
[ C] Assisting in organising congressional hearings.
[ D] Offering to go through official procedures for clients.
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A period of climate change about 130,000 years ago would have made water travel easier by lowering sea levels and creating navigable lakes and rivers in the Arabian Peninsula, the study says. Such a shift would have offered early modern humans-which arose in Africa about 200,000 years ago-a new route through the formerly scorching northern deserts into the Middle East. The new paper was spurred by the discovery of several 120,000-year-old tools at a desert archaeological site in the United Arab Emirates. The presence of the tools-whose design is uniquely African, experts say-so early in the region suggests early humans marched out of Africa into the Arabian Peninsula directly from the Horn of Africa, roughly present- day Somalia. Previously, scientists had thought humans first left via the Nile Valley or the Far East.
"Up till now we thought of cultural developments leading to the opportunity of people to move out of Africa, " said study co-author Hans-Peter Uerpmann, a retired archaeobiologist at the University of tübingen in Germany. "Now we see, I think, that it was the environment that was the key to this," Uerpmann said during a press brie6ng Wednesday.
The discovery "leaves a lot of possibilities for human migrations, and keeping this in mind, might change our view completely." During the past few years, a series of tools were discovered at the Jebel Faya site in the U.A.E., some of which-such as hand axes-had a two-sided appearance previously seen only in early Africa.
Scientists used luminescence dating to determine the age of sand grains buried with the stone tools.
This technique measures naturally occurring radiation stored in the sand. For the climatic data, scientists studied the climate records of ancient lakes and rivers in cave stalagmites, as well as changes in the level of the Red Sea. This warmer period 130,000 years or so ago caused more rainfall on the Arabian Peninsula, turning it into a series of lush rivers that humans might have boated or rafted.
During this period the southern Red Sea's levels dropped, offering a "brief window of time" for humans to easily cross the sea-which was then as little as 2.5 miles wide, according to Adrian Parker, a physical geographer from Oxford Brookes University in the United Kingdom.
Once humans entered the peninsula, they dispersed and likely reached the Jebel Faya site by about 125,000 years ago, according to the study, published in the journal Science.
Geneticist Spencer Wells called the discovery a "very :interesting find," especially because the Arabian Peninsula is becoming a hot spot for archaeological finds-particularly underwater, since the Persian Gulf was a fertile river delta during early human migrations. But he noted that the study doesn't "rewrite the book on what we know about human migratory history." That's because tools dating to the same period have already been found in Israel, so it's "consistent with what we suspected" about an earlier wave of m1E7'ation into the Middle East, said Wells, director of the National Geographic Society's Geographic Project. Wells also noted there's no evidence yet that the migrants in the new paper were our ancestors-the group, and their genes, may have died out long ago.
Bence Viola, of the Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, agreed the finding was interesting but not that surprising, also citing the evidence of humans in Israel about 120,000 years ago. Viola, who wasn't involved in the study, added that the migration route proposed in the paper makes sense on another level-the Arabian Peninsula would have been something early humans were used to. "If you look even today, the environment in the Hotn of Africa, in Somalia or northern Ethiopia, is similar to what you see in Oman or Yemen-not like the big desert," Viola noted. "It's not like they needed to adapt to a completely different environment-it's an environment that they knew."
Why they made the trek is another question since they wouldn't have been hurting for food or re- sources in their African homeland, Viola noted. "Curiosity," he said, "is a pretty human desire."
The word "scorching" in the first paragraph means
[A] aboriginal.
[B] primitive.
[C] luxuriant.
[D] baking-hot.
下图是一辆自行车，主动轮有36齿，从动轮有18齿，后轮直径为65厘米，如果每秒蹬2圈，则这辆自行车的速度为（）千米／小时。
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请从所给的四个选项中选择最适合的一个填人问号处，使之呈现一定的规律性。
在玉米中，已知非甜粒基因(Su)对甜粒基因(su)是显性，为了测定玉米籽粒由非甜粒变为甜粒的突变率，需用表现型为______，基因型为______的玉米作母本，由诱变处理的表现型为______的玉米花粉作父本进行杂交。
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