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Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the conversation you will be give 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview. As far as tourism concerned, local people.
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Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the conversation you will be give 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview. Which word is not used by Norberg-Hodge to describe the Ladakhi people
People are moving to cities in droves. In 1950, two-thirds of the world’s population lived in the countryside. New York was then the only settlement with more than 10 million people. Today there are 20 such megacities, and more are on their way. Most of these megacities are in developing countries that are struggling to cope with both the speed and the scale of human migration. Estimates of the future spread of urbanization are based on the observation that in Europe, and in North and South America, the urban share of the total population has stabilized at 75%-85%. If the rest of the world follows this path it is expected that in the next decade an extra 100 million people will join the cities of Africa, and 340 million the cities of Asia: the equivalent of a new Bangkok every two months. By 2030 nearly two-thirds of the word’s population will be urban. In the long run, that is good news. If countries now industrializing follow the pattern of those that have already done so, their city-dwellers will be both more prosperous and healthier. Man is gregarious species, and the words" urbane" and "civilized" both derive from the advantages of living in large settlements. History also shows, though, that the transition can be uncomfortable. The slums of Manchester were, in their time, just as awful as those of Nairobi today. But people moved there for exactly the same reason: however nasty conditions seemed, the opportunities of urban life outstripped those of the countryside. The question is how best to handle the change. If there is one thing that everybody agrees on, it is that urbanization is unstoppable. Migrants attempting to escape poverty, and refugees escaping conflict, are piling into cities in what the executive director of UN-HABITAT, Anna, Tibailjuka, describes as "premature urbanization." Dr Tibaijuka believes it might be possible to slow the pace of migration from the countryside with policies that enhance security and rural livelihoods. There is room for debate, though, over whether better rural development in any form can seriously slow the pace of urbanization-- or even whether such a slowdown would be a good thing. Michael Mutter, an urban planning adviser at the British government’s Department for International Development (DFID), says that the relevant indicators suggest that in many countries the effective" carrying capacity" of rural areas has been reached. As happened in Europe in the 18th century, population growth and technological improvements to agriculture are creating a surplus population. That surplus has to go somewhere to earn its living. Indeed, some people go so far so to argue that governments, international donors and aid agencies spend too much on rural development and neglect the cities. Most countries have a rural development policy, but only a few have urban ones. DFID, for example, spends only 5% of its budget directly on urban development. Moreover, these critics point out that, although rural areas often have worse sanitation, illiteracy and homelessness than cities, such figures are deceptive. Being illiterate, homeless or without access to a flush toilet are far more serious problems in a crowded city than in the countryside. Of the many lessons being learnt from past urban-development failures, one of the most important is that improvements must involve local people in a meaningful way. Even when it comes to the poorest slum-dwellers, some governments and city authorities are realizing that people are their own greatest assets. Slumdwellers International is a collection of "grassroots" federations of people living in slums. Its idea is simple. Slum-dwellers in a particular place get together and form a federation to strengthen local savings and credit schemes, and to lobby for greater co-operation with the authorities. Such federations are having a big impact on slum-upgrading schemes around the world. By surveying local needs and acting as voices for slum-dwellers, these federations have been able to show the authorities that slum-dwellers are not simply a homogenous and anonymous mass of urban poor, but are real people in need of real services. They have also been able to apply pressure for improvements in security of tenure--either through temporary guarantees of residency or, better still, formal ownership. Such secure tenure gives people an incentive to improve their dwellings and is thus the crucial first step to upgrading a slum into a suburb. Over the past six years, South Africa’s government has been pursuing an active programme of housing improvement. The government quickly realized that, with the poor in the majority, providing social housing for all would be impossible. The minister for housing, Sakie Mthembi-Mahanyele, says the approach that has worked so far has been a combination of government, the private sector and the poor themselves. The poor, says Mrs. Mthembi-Mahanyele, have responsibilities, and the government meets them halfway. Those with an income are expected to contribute some of it to the building of their houses. Those without are asked to contribute" sweat equity" by helping to build with their own hands. South Africa has also transferred ownership of more than 380,000 council houses, worth more than 28 billion rand ($2.7 billion) to private individuals. With these houses as collateral for loans, owners have already started to upgrade and improve their properties. There is still a long way to go. An estimated 2-3 million more houses are needed. She adds that the government is still wrestling with financial institutions to get a better deal for the poor. It can be inferred from the passage that Nairobi is ______.
If you have ever dreamed of slipping into the comforting softness of a cashmere sweater you should follow the example of the habitual wearers and make sure that it has been knitted in the Scottish Borders-- nothing else will do for them as it is pure luxury. But what makes Scottish Borders Cashmere so special To begin with the Border knitters insist on using only the best cashmere painstakingly produced in one of the most barren parts of China. The cashmere is hand combed from the under fleece of the Mongolian goat and one of them produces in a year only enough yarn to make a scarf. It takes three goats to produce one simple sweater! This rare natural fiber has then to be transported to Britain for processing. A highly skilled system, invented by Joseph Dawson in the 1880’s, removes every impurity and coarse grade hair so that only the softest down is left. After spinning the Border knitters use their traditional expertise to ensure that this wonderful softness is kept by careful" milling" -- their term for washing the garment after knitting-in pure soft Scottish water. Of course all this care and attention makes cashmere very expensive but retailers have noticed that whenever there is a rise in the price of cashmere, all inevitably regular occurrence with a scarce, hard-to-produce commodity, customers rarely trade down even to finest lambs wool. They may attempt to ration themselves to one sweater less this season but, for them, it really is a matter of nothing but the best. But even the most traditional of garments are subject to fashion. The cashmere manufacturers of the Borders realized that, if they were to keep their grand old labels hot and desirable, they had to out Lauren Ralph and chivvy at Chanel’s heels. "The strength of Borders cashmere", says Helen Bottle, the textile designer who manages The Studio," is its well known quality and status. But in today’s market, you need other factors. Better, more fashionable, more exciting design is one. We have gone beyond the traditional Scottish jumper market and into the field of well-designed, fashioned knitted clothing." For cashmere addicts, life has never been more dangerous. Where once they could only satisfy their craving by having their little jumper in every color in both round neck and polo, now there is an embarrassment of choice. What do the customers do when there is a rise in the price of Scottish Borders Cashmere
Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the conversation you will be give 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview. Ladakhi people think that the Westerns ______.
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