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Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. What is the official date of the beginning of photography
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A paradox of education is that presenting information in a way that looks easy to learn often has the opposite effect. Numerous studies have demonstrated that when people are forced to think hard about what they are shown they remember it better, so it is worth looking at ways this can be done. And a piece of research about to be published in Cognition, by Daniel Oppenheimer, a psychologist at Princeton University, and his colleagues, suggests a simple one= make the text conveying the information harder to read. Dr. Oppenheimer recruited 28 volunteers aged between 18 and 40 and asked them to learn, from written descriptions, about three "species" of extraterrestrial alien, each of which had seven features. This task was meant to be similar to learning about animal species in a biology lesson. It used aliens in place of actual species to be certain that the participants could not draw on prior knowledge. Half of the volunteers were presented with the information in difficult-to-read fonts (12-point Comic Sans MS 75% greyscale and 12-point Bodoni MT 75% greyscale). The other half saw it in 16-point Arial pure-black font, which tests have shown is one of the easiest to read. Participants were given 90 seconds to memorise the information in the lists. They were then distracted with unrelated tasks for a quarter of an hour or so, before being asked questions about the aliens, such as "What is the diet of the Pangerish" and "What colour eyes does the Norgletti have" The upshot was that those reading the Arial font got the answers right 72.8% of the time, on average. Those forced to read the more difficult fonts answered correctly 86.5% of the time. The question was, would this result translate from the controlled circumstances of the laboratory to the unruly environment of the classroom It did. When the researchers asked teachers to use the technique in high-school lessons on chemistry, physics, English and history, they got similar results. The lesson, then, is to make text books harder to read, not easier. The author is ______ about/to the result of the studies in uncontrolled environment of the classroom.
Questions 25 to 26 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. Which company was not on the cooperation list of NASA
"Mirror worlds" is only one of David Gelernter’s big ideas. Another is "lifestreams"—in essence, vast electronic diaries. "Every document you create and every document other people send you are stored in your lifestream," he wrote in the mid-1990s together with Eric Freeman, who produced a doctoral thesis on the topic. Prating electronic documents in chronological order, they said, would make it easier for people to manage all their digital output and experiences. Lifestreams have not yet replaced the desktop on personal computers, as Mr. Gelernter had hoped. Indeed, a software start-up to implement the idea folded in 2004. But today something quite similar can be found all over the web in many different forms. Blogs are essentially electronic diaries. Personal newsfeeds are at the heart of Facebook and other social networks. A torrent of short text messages appears on Twitter. Certain individuals are going even further than Mr. Gelernter expected. Some are digitising their entire offices, including pictures, bills and correspondence. Others record their whole life. Gordon Bell, a researcher at Microsoft, puts everything he has accumulated, written, photographed and presented in his "local cyberspace". Yet others "log" every aspect of their lives with wearable cameras. The latest trend is "life-tracking". Practitioners keep meticulous digital records of things they do: how much coffee they drink, how much work they do each day, what books they are reading, and so on. Much of this is done manually by putting the data into a PC or, increasingly, a smartphone. But people are also using sensors, mainly to keep track of their vital signs, for instance to see how well they sleep or how fast they run. The first self-trackers were mostly über-geeks fascinated by numbers. But the more recent converts simply want to learn more about themselves, says Gary Wolf, a technology writer and co-founder of a blog called "The Quantified Self". They want to use technology to help them identify factors that make them depressed, keep them from sleeping or affect their cognitive performance. One self-tracker learned, for instance, that eating a lot of butter allowed him to solve arithmetic problems faster. A market for self-tracking devices is already emerging. Fitbit and Greengoose, two start-ups, are selling wireless accelerometers that can track a user’s physical activity. Zeo, another start-up, has developed an alarm clock that comes with a headband to measure people’s brainwave activity at night and chart their sleep on the web. As people create more such self-tracking data, firms will start to mine them and offer services based on the result. Xobni, for example, analyses people’s inboxes ("xobni" spelled backwards) to help them manage their e-mail and contacts. It lists them according to the intensity of the electronic relationship rather than in alphabetical order. Users are sometimes surprised by the results, says Jeff Bonforte, the firm’s boss. "They think it’s creepy when we list other people before their girlfriend or wife.\ People can use self-tracking to ______.
A new study of the brain is helping scientists better understand how humans process language. One of the patients is a woman with epilepsy(羊癫疯). Doctors are (31) Denise Harris to see if she is a good (32) for an operation that could stop her seizures. They are monitoring her through wire electrodes (33) in her brain. But (34) she is in the hospital, she is also helping scientists understand (35) the brain works with language. The study (36) a part of the frontal lobe called Broca’s area. The electrode implants have shown that the area very quickly (37) three different language functions. Eric Halgren, one of the main investigators, says they found different (38) doing, at different times, different processes all (39) a centimeter. The first function deals with (40) a word. The second deals with understanding the word’s meaning within a sentence. (41) the third lets us speak the word. Ned Sahin, a researcher, says scientists (42) for some time that traditional explanations for how parts of the brain work need to be (43) One such belief is that there is a (44) of language tasks between two very different parts of the brain. One is Broca’s area (45) the front. The other is Wernicke’s area (46) back in the brain. The belief is that Broca’s area is (47) speaking and that Wernicke’s area is responsible for comprehending. (48) the new study shows that Broca’s area is (49) both speaking and comprehension. He says this shows how parts of the brain (50) more than one task.
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