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Low-carbon Future：We Can Afford to Go Green
Tackling climate change will cost consumers the earth．Those who campaign for a green revolution are out to destroy our western lifestyles．Such are the cries of opponents of emissions cuts，and their message has political impact：a number of surveys have found that the enthusiasm of voters for policies to reduce climate change falls off as the price tag increases．
However，a new modelling(模型化)exercise suggests that these fears are largely unfounded．It projects that radical cuts to the UK's emissions will cause barely noticeable increases in the price of food，drink and most other goods by 2050．Electricity and petrol costs will rise significantly，but with the right policies in place，say the modellers，this need not lead to big changes in our lifestyle．
"these results show that the global project to fight climate change is feasible，"says Alex Bowen，a climate policy expert at the London School of Economics．"It's not such a big ask as people are making out．"
Although it is impossible to precisely predict prices four decades from now．the exercise is one of the most detailed examinations yet of the impact of climate change policies on UK consumers．It provides a useful rough guide to our economic future．
Though its results speak directly to the UK consumer，previous research has come to similar conclusions for the US．In June，one study found that if the US were to cut emissions by 50 per cent by 2050，prices of most consumer goods would increase by less than 5 per cent．The findings are also consistent with analyses by the Pew Center on Global Climate Change in Washington DC．"Even cutting emissions by 80 per cent over four decades has a very small effect on consumers in most areas，”says Manik Roy of the Pew Center．"The challenge is now to convince consumers and policy-makers that this is the case．"
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommends that wealthy nations cut their emissions to between 80 and 95 per cent below 1990 levels by 2050 in order to avoid the worst effects of climate change．The UK government aims to reduce its contribution by 80 per cent and leaders of the other G8 nations have discussed following suit．To meet this goal，industries will have to cut down fossil fuel consumption，and low-carbon power sources will have to massively expand. Companies will have to pay increasingly higher prices for the right to emit greenhouse gases.
How will this affect the average citizen's wallet？ To measure the impact of the 80 per cent target on the UK population, New Scientist approached Cambridge Econometrics, a firm known for its modelling of the European economy. The firm used historic economic data to predict the impact of emissions reductions on prices in over 40 categories of goods and services. It compared the impact of the 80 per cent cut with a baseline situation in which the government takes no action other than the limited emissions restrictions already in place as a result of the Ky-oto protocol (京都议定书).
Most of the price increases are a consequence of rising energy costs, in part because coal and gas are re-placed by more expensive low-carbon sources. The price of electricity is projected to be 15 per cent higher in 2050 compared with the baseline. In today's prices, that would add around ￡5 onto typical monthly household electricity bills. It will also result in higher prices elsewhere, as every industrial sector uses electricity.
But electricity and other forms of energy make up only a small part of the price of most goods. Other factors-raw materials, labour and taxes-are far more important. The energy that goes into producing food, alcoholic drinks and tobacco, for example, makes up just 2 per cent of the consumer price. For motor vehicle purchases and hotel stays, the figure is 1 per cent. Only for energy-intensive industries does the
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听力原文： The solution,both to prevent the excesses of praise and the humiliation of criticism,is to stop caring what other people think of you. Take what is actionable from their feedback and ignore the rest.Since you are the sole captain of your life,don't allow others to steer the ship.If I write an article,I generally receive a mix of positive comments and negative comments.For criticism,I seek out any actionable suggestions from their comments.If someone notes that I made a grammatical mistake in an article,I'll happily correct it.Or,if someone feels the logic of my argument was weak,I can make efforts to correct it in a future discussion of the topic.For praise,I take a similar approach.I thank the person for their comment,and see if there is anything actionable from their suggestion.If several people enjoyed a topic,I'll know it is something readers are interested in and worth discussing again.What I strive not to do,with both praise and criticism,is to let it get under my skin.If someone writes an attack on my writing,I'll remind myself that this comment is just a small stone on my course，and not to allow it to stop me．Similarly，if I get a piece of praise，I'll remind myself that this is just one view，and not to let it distract me from the bigger goal．
According to the speaker,what is the solution to prevent excessive praise and criticism？
What do we learn about the"brain"of robots？
听力原文： We are now living in a world in which robots are taking over much of the work.Robots make our cars, fly our planes and work out wages.
But these robots are not mechanical men and women.They do not look like us.They are machines specially built to do some of the things that human beings can.
Although they may not look like us,robots need some human features in order to be able to do human work.First of all they need some kind of brain.Their "brain" is a computer,which has a memory to human member instructions and ability to control other equipment.Another essential feature of many robots is an arm that can do the kind of things that human beings can with their arms.One-armed robots are now coming into widespread use in industry.They are being used,for example,on car assembly lines.
The great advantage of robots over human workers is that they can work non-stop for long periods. They never get tired,and always work with the same accuracy.They can also work in conditions that humans could not bear.Last but not least,as more robots are built,their cost will come down.
Although robots are rapidly taking over many jobs in industry, they seem a long way from taking over in the home. The problem is that it would take a very complex and costly robot to perform. half the tasks involved in housework.
According to the speaker,what can the present-day robots do？
What was the main purpose of having a watch during the 1800s？
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