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Text 4 Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and management. In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires-nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago. In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency’s other work-such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep-that affect the lives of all Americans. Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire-prone districts. As Moritz puts it, how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire "It’s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country," he says. We need to take a magnifying glass to that. Like, "Wait a minute, is this OK" "Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape" Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire, researchers say. For one thing, conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive. Over the past decade, the focus has been on climate change-how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires. While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldn’t come at the expense of the rest of the equation. "The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways," he says. Failing to recognize that, he notes, leads to "an overly simplified view of what the solutions might be. Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited." At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado. But acknowledging fire’s inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says. "We’ve disconnected ourselves from living with fire," Balch says. "It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today." More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they_____.
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Text 2 With so much focus on children’s use of screens, it’s easy for parents to forget about their own screen use. "Tech is designed to really suck on you in," says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, "and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine." Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention. Infants are wired to look at parents’ faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device-it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children. Radesky cites the "still face experiment" devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother’s attention. "Parents don’t have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need," says Radesky. On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’ use of screens are born out of an "oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting" with their children: "It’s based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them." Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it-particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time. Radesky’s food-testing exercise shows that mothers’ use of devices ______.
设X，Y均服从正态分布，则协方差Cov(X，Y)=0是X与Y相互独立的______。
什么是课程评价其功能和意义在何课程评价有哪些类型有哪些主要的课程评价模式
案例分析要求： 至少用一个教育学原理(心理学亦可)进行分析。 问题的分析可从某一个方面切人，不必面面俱到，能阐述清楚即可。 视点犀利，欢迎发表自己的独到见解，但是必须有理论依据。 抓住要点，条理清晰，文字简练。 一个老美眼中的中国父母 这是近期在网上被热议的一篇文章，作者谭小熊是一个美国人，目前在新东方学校任外教。从一个外国人的角度来看待中国父母为子女所做的一切，也许更有助于我们来思考这个问题。 早在来中国之前，中国父母为孩子所作的牺牲就已经深深地震撼了我。 我结识了一位中国女士，为了能给女儿提供更好的受教育的环境，她独自一人带着孩子移民加拿大，她的先生则留在中国。这样的生活方式，对于大部分美国人来说，是不可想像的。我有一位朋友曾离开妻儿到中国学习，可仅仅两周之后，他就决定打好行李回美国了。他不能忍受隔着整个太平洋来思念家人。 等我来到中国之后，所见所闻更让我对中国父母的牺牲精神惊叹不已。有个朋友刚买了新房正在装修，我问他打算怎么处理旧房，他毫不犹豫地说：“留给儿子!”我瞠目结舌地看着他那年仅3岁的小宝贝，心想：天哪，他什么时候才会用到啊! 美国的孩子年满18岁后就会迫不及待地想要离开父母，对他们来说，离开父母单独居住是证明他已经独立的最重要的标志。 在中国，情况恰恰相反。有一段时间，我的一位同事兴奋得不同寻常，这不光因为他即将踏上红地毯，更因为他的父亲将为他的新房埋单。据我所知，他的父亲并不是一位腰缠万贯的大富翁，新房对老人来说是一笔极大的开支。然而老人认为买了房，儿子就能娶到更好的妻子，拥有更美满的婚姻。不仅他们，中国的许多父母都是如此，他们省吃俭用，把所有的钱都存下来替儿女交学费、找工作、买房结婚、照顾孙子等等。实际上年老的父母有权享受更好的生活。中国的社会保障制度还不完善，他们更应该把钱用于健康和养老。 相比之下，美国的父母更懂得享受生活，而不是为孩子牺牲自己的一切。在我年满18岁可以挣钱支付学费后，我的父母就实现了他们的梦想，在山区买了一片土地，建了自己的小屋。我和哥哥姐姐都常常收到父母寄来的照片，和他们分享居住在山间的快乐。我结婚的时候，我和我的新娘从父母那里得到的礼物除了30元钱，就只有一句关于婚姻的忠告：一对愿意向对方说“我爱你”、“对不起”和“请原谅”的夫妻将会白头偕老。 那么，究竟是什么让中国的父母为孩子作了如此多的牺牲呢我想主要有几个原因： 一、中国的独生子女政策让父母们认为必须为孩子奉献一切。 二、中国孩子成长过程中遭遇的竞争很激烈，父母希望能为孩子提供更好的学习条件。 三、中国父母们经历了太多动荡和不安，他们希望孩子能过上安稳的生活。 四、在中国，父母和子女之间的关系很密切。 在父母做了这么多牺牲之后，他们以及他们的孩子真的开心吗美国父母是否太过自私，只为自己考虑 根据我的观察，我还是更喜欢美国父母对待孩子的方式。他们尊重孩子的选择。他们对孩子的爱是始终不变的，这并没有影响到他们享受自己的生活。 在我看来，中国父母这样做不仅浪费了金钱，也扼杀了孩子的梦想。 无论如何，我都对中国父母为孩子所作的一切表示万分尊敬，这样的美德在西方国家是 极受尊重的。但我们禁不住要想，如果孩子并不需要，那他们这么做是否值得呢如果孩子未来与他们反目，他们又为自己留下了什么呢 ——新浪网(2005．10．24)
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