题目内容
Before the 1500’s, the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers. One group, the Mandans, (31) in the upper Missouri River country, primarily in present-day North Dakota. They had large villages of houses (32) close together. The (33) arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily (34) the attacks of others who might seek to (35) some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to the next. The women had primary responsibility for the fields. They had to exercise (36) skill to produce the desired results, (37) their northern location meant fleeting growing seasons. Winter often lingered; autumn could (38) by severe frost. For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other (39) might await the wary grower. Under (40) conditions, Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weathering (41) They began (42) it appeared feasible to do so in the spring. Harvesting proceeded in (43) stages. In August the Mandans picked a small amount of the crop (44) it had matured fully. This green corn was boiled, dried, and shelled, with some of the maize (45) for immediate consumption and the reststored in (46) bags. Later in the fall, the people picked the rest of the corn. They saved the best of the harvest for seeds or for trade, (47) the remainder eaten right away or stored for later use in underground reserves. With appropriate (48) of the extra food, the Mandans protected themselves (49) the disaster of crop failure and accompanying (50) .
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Pageants (露天演出) are usually conceived on a fairly large scale, often under the auspices of some local or civic authority or at any rate in connection with local groups of some kind. This sometimes means that there is an allocation of funds available for the purpose of mounting the production, though unfortunately this will usually be found to be on the meagre side and much ingenuity will have to be used to stretch it so that all performers can be adequately clothed. Most pageants have a historical flavor as they usually come about through the celebration of the anniversary of some event of historic importance, or the life or death of some local worthy. Research among archives and books in the public library will probably prove very useful and produce some workable ideas which will give the production an especially local flavor. From the first economy will have to be practised because there are usually a great number of people to dress. Leading characters can be considered individually in the same way as when designing for a play; but the main body of the performers will need to be planned in groups and the massed effect must be always borne in mind. Many pageants take place in daylight in the open air. This is an entirely different problem from designing costumes which are going to be looked at under artificial lighting; for one thing, scenes viewed in the daylight are subject to many more distractions. No longer is everything around cut out by the surrounding darkness, but instead it is very easy to be aware of disturbing movement in the audience or behind the performers. Very theatrically conceived clothes do not always look their best when seen in a daylight setting of trees, verdant lawns and old ivy-covered walls; the same goes for costumes being worn in front of the mellow colors of stately homes. The location needs to be studied and then a decision can be made as to what kinds of colors and textures will harmonize best with the surroundings and conditions and then to carry this out as far as possible on the funds available. If money is available to dress the performers without recourse to their own help in the provision of items, it is best to arrange for all the cutting and pinning together of the costumes to be done by one or two experienced people than to be given out to the groups and individuals for completion. When there is little or no money at all, the garments need to be reduced to the basic necessities. Cloaks and shawls become invaluable, sheets and large bath towels and bath sheets are admirable for draping. Unwanted curtains and bedspreads can be cut to make tunics, robes and skirts. These are particularly valuable if they are of heavy fabrics, such as velvet or chenille. Colors should be massed together so that there are contrasting groups of dark and light, this will be found to help the visual result substantially. Crowds of people gathered together in a jumble of colors will be found to look quite purposeless and will lack dramatic impact. The word "it" in Line 4, Para. 1 refers to
Before the 1500’s, the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers. One group, the Mandans, (31) in the upper Missouri River country, primarily in present-day North Dakota. They had large villages of houses (32) close together. The (33) arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily (34) the attacks of others who might seek to (35) some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to the next. The women had primary responsibility for the fields. They had to exercise (36) skill to produce the desired results, (37) their northern location meant fleeting growing seasons. Winter often lingered; autumn could (38) by severe frost. For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other (39) might await the wary grower. Under (40) conditions, Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weathering (41) They began (42) it appeared feasible to do so in the spring. Harvesting proceeded in (43) stages. In August the Mandans picked a small amount of the crop (44) it had matured fully. This green corn was boiled, dried, and shelled, with some of the maize (45) for immediate consumption and the reststored in (46) bags. Later in the fall, the people picked the rest of the corn. They saved the best of the harvest for seeds or for trade, (47) the remainder eaten right away or stored for later use in underground reserves. With appropriate (48) of the extra food, the Mandans protected themselves (49) the disaster of crop failure and accompanying (50) .
A企业为生产应税消费品的企业，2008年的含税销售收入为936万元，销售利润率为15%，适用的增值税税率为17%，材料成本占总成本的百分比为65%，假定该企业生产所使用的材料都是在当期内采购的，适用的消费税税率为5%，城市维护建设税税率为7%，教育费附加的征收率为3%，发生的各项应交税金及附加均于当期以现金形式支付。2009年A企业预计的含税销售收入为1170万元，预交所得税40万元。 计算2009年应交增值税额。
Before the 1500’s, the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers. One group, the Mandans, (31) in the upper Missouri River country, primarily in present-day North Dakota. They had large villages of houses (32) close together. The (33) arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily (34) the attacks of others who might seek to (35) some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to the next. The women had primary responsibility for the fields. They had to exercise (36) skill to produce the desired results, (37) their northern location meant fleeting growing seasons. Winter often lingered; autumn could (38) by severe frost. For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other (39) might await the wary grower. Under (40) conditions, Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weathering (41) They began (42) it appeared feasible to do so in the spring. Harvesting proceeded in (43) stages. In August the Mandans picked a small amount of the crop (44) it had matured fully. This green corn was boiled, dried, and shelled, with some of the maize (45) for immediate consumption and the reststored in (46) bags. Later in the fall, the people picked the rest of the corn. They saved the best of the harvest for seeds or for trade, (47) the remainder eaten right away or stored for later use in underground reserves. With appropriate (48) of the extra food, the Mandans protected themselves (49) the disaster of crop failure and accompanying (50) .
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