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Text 1You might be forgiven for thinking that sleep researchers are a dozy bunch. Most of the other things people do regularly -- eat, excrete, copulate and so on -- are biologically fairly straightforward: there is little mystery about how or why they are done. Sleep, on the other hand, which takes up more of most people’ s time than all of the above, .and which attracts plenty of study, is still fundamentally a mystery.The one view shared by all is that sleep matters. For evidence, look no further than the experiments led by Allan Rechtaschaffen and Bernard Bergmann at the University of Chicago in the 1980s. They kept experimental rats awake around the clock in an environment where control rats were allowed as much sleep as’ they wanted. The sleep - deprived rats all died within a month.Carol Everson worked with the Chicago team as a graduate student and now has a job at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. While repeating the Chicago experiments she was struck by the fact that, although the sleep - deprived rats showed no obvious symptoms of particular diseases--and no such signs were picked up in post - mortems--their emaciation and generally sorry state was reminiscent of that which befalls many terminal cancer patients and AIDS patients, whose immune systems have packed up. While Dr Everson does not claim to have hard and fast proof that sleep is needed for resistance to infection, her work does point that way-- as does the re search of others around the world.Another approach is to look for chemicals that cause sleep; from these, you should be able to start telling a biological story which will eventually reveal the function of sleep. Peter Shiromani of Harvard Medical School has found a protein that builds up at high levels in chronically sleep - deprived cats, but disappears within an hour if the animals are allowed 45 minutes of recovery sleep. Researchers at the University of Veron have found something similar. But no one chemical tells the whole story.So new ways of inducing sleep may soon be available; an understanding of its purpose, though, remains elusive. In this, sleep is like the other great biological commonplace that is still mysterious: consciousness, which is also easily altered chemically but not too well under stood. No one knows how Consciousness arises, or what , if anything, it is for( though there are a lot of theories). Almost the only thing that can be said about it for certain is that you lose it when you fall asleep. Solving the mystery of sleeping and waking might require new insights into the consciousness that is lost and regained in the process. Putting it this way makes the problem sound rather grander, and the lack of progress so far look a bit less dozy. The protein found by Peter Shiromani （）
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Text 2Einstein’ s connection with the politics of the nuclear bomb is well known: he signed the famous letter to President Franklin Roosevelt that persuaded the United States to take the idea seriously, and he engaged in postwar efforts to prevent nuclear war. But these were not just the isolated actions of a scientist dragged into the world of politics. Einstein’ s life was, in fact, to use his own words, "divided between politics and equations."Einstein’s earliest political activity came during the First World War, when he was a professor in Berlin. Sickened by what he saw as the waste of human lives, he became involved in anti - war demonstrations. His advocacy of civil disobedience and public encouragement of people to refuse conscription did little to endear him to his colleagues. Then following the war, he directed his efforts toward reconciliation and improving international relations. This, too, did not make him popular, and soon his politics were making it difficult for him to visit the United States, even ’to give lectures.Einstein’s second great cause was Zionism. Although he was Jewish by descent, Einstein rejected the biblical idea of God. However, a growing awareness of anti - Semitism, both before and during the First World War, led him gradually to identify with the Jewish community, and later to become an outspoken supporter of Zionism. Once more unpopularity did not stop him from speaking his mind. His theories came under attack; an anti - Einstein organization was even set up. One man was convicted of inciting others to murder Einstein (and fined a mere six dollars). But Einstein was phlegmatic: when a book was published entitled 100 Authors Against Einstein, he retorted, "If I were wrong, then one would have been enough!"In 1933, Hitler came to power. Einstein was in America, and declared he would not return to Germany. Then, while Nazi militia raided his house and confiscated his bank account, a Berlin newspaper displayed the headline "Good News from Einstein--He’ s Not Coming Back." In the face of the Nazi threat, Einstein renounced pacifism, and eventually, fearing that German scientists would build a nuclear bomb, proposed that the United States should develop’ its own. But even before the first atomic bomb had been detonated, he was publicly warning of the dangers of nuclear war and proposing international control of nuclear weaponry.Throughout his life, Einstein’ S efforts toward peace probably achieved little that would last--and certainly won him few friends. His vocal support of the Zionist cause, however, was duly recognized in 1952, when he was offered the presidency of Israel. He declined, saying he thought he was too naive in politics. But perhaps his real reason was different: to quote him again, "Equations are more important to me, because politics is for the present, but an equation is something for eternity." What' s the main reason Einstein declined the presidency of Israel（）
All Americans are at least vaguely (1) with the (2) of the American Indian. Cutbacks in federal programs for Indians have made their problems (3) more severe in recent years. Josephy reports," (4) 1981 it was estimated that cut, backs in federal programs for Indians totaled about $ 500 million" (5) mole than ten times the cuts affecting their (6) fellow Americans. This reduced funding is affecting almost all aspects of reservation life, (7) education. If the Indians could solve their (8) problems, solutions to many of their other problems might not be far behind. In, this paper the current status of Indian education will be described and (9) and some ways of improving this education will be proposed.Whether to (10) with the dominant American culture or to (11) Indian culture has been a longstanding issue in Indian education. The next fifty years became a period of (12) assimilation in all areas of Indian culture, but especially in religion and education (Jacoby 83r84).John Collier, a reformer who agitated . (13) Indians and their culture from the early 1920s until his death in 1968, had a different i dea. He believed that instead of effacing native culture, Indian schools (14) encourage and (15) it ( Dippie’276, 325 ).Pressure to assimilate remains a potent force today, (16) . More and more Indians are graduating from high school and college and becoming (17) for jobs in the non - Indian society." When Indians obtain the requisite skills, many of them enter the broader American society and succeed." (18) approximately 90 percent of all Indian children are educated in state public school systems (Taylor 136, 155). (19) these children compete with the members of the dominant society, however, is another (20) . Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)11（）
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Text 3Painting your house is like adding something to a huge communal picture in which the rest of the painting is done either by nature or by other people. The picture is not static; it changes as we move about, with the time of day, with the seasons, with new painting, new buildings and with alterations to old ones. Any individual house is just a fragment of this picture, nevertheless it has the power to make or mark the overall scene. In the past people used their creative talents in painting their homes with great imagination and in varied but always subtly blending colors. The last vestiges of this great tradition can still be seen in the towns of the extreme west of Ireland. It has never been recognized as an art form, partly, because of the physical difficulty of hanging a street in a gallery and partly because it’ s always changing, as paint fades and is renewed. Also it is a communal art which cannot be identified with any one person, except in those many cases where great artists of the past found inspiration in ordinary street scenes and recorded them in paint.Following the principles of decoration that were so successful in the past, you should first take a long look at the house and its surroundings and consider possible limitations~ The first concerns the amount of color and intensity in the daylight in Britain. Colors that look perfectly in keeping with the sunny, clear skies of the Mediterranean would look too harsh in the grayer light of the north. Since bright light is uncomfortable-for the eyes, colors must be strong in order to be seen clearly. Viewed in a dimmer light they appear too bright. It is easy to see this if you look at a brick house while the sun is alternately shining and then going behind a cloud. The brickwork colors look much more intense when the sun is hidden.The second limitation is the colors of the surroundings: the colors which go best with Cotswold stone and a rolling green countryside will be different from those that look best by the sea or in a red - brick/blue - slate industrial town. In every area there are always colors that at once look in keeping.In many areas there are distinctive traditions in the use of color that may be a useful guide. The eastern counties of England and Scot land, particularly those with a local tradition of rendering or plastering, use colors applied solidly over the wall. Usually only the window frames and doors are picked out in another color, often white or pale gray. Typical wall colors are the pink associated with Suffolk and pale buffs and yellows of Fife. Much stronger colors such as deep earth red, orange, blue and green are also common. In the coastal villages of Essex, as well as inland in Hertfordshire, the house - fronts of overlapping boards are traditionally painted black--originally tarred like ships--with windows and doors outlined in white. In stone areas of Yorkshire and farther north, color is rarer: the houses are usually left in their natural color, though many are painted white as they probably all were once. Why are weather - boarded houses painted white according to the passage（）
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